My Immortal Soul Essay

Plato has roused many readers with the work of a great philosopher by the name of Socrates. Through Plato, Socrates lived on generations after his time. A topic of Socrates that many will continue to discuss is the idea of â€Å"an immortal soul†. Although there are various works and dialogues about this topic it is found to be best explained in The Phaedo. It is fair to say that the mind may wonder when one dies what exactly happens to the beloved soul, the giver of life often thought of as the very essence of life does it live on beyond the body, or does it die with it? Does the soul have knowledge of the past if it really does live on? In Plato’s The Phaedo, Plato recounts Socrates final days before he is put to death. Socrates has been imprisoned and sentenced to death for corrupting the youth of Athens and not following the rights of Athenian religion.[1] Socrates death brings him and his fellow philosophers Cebes, Simmions, Phaedo, and Plato into a perplex dialogue about this notion of an afterlife and what does one have to look forward to after death. Death is defined as the separation of the body from the soul. In The Phaedo death has two notions a common one which is the basic idea that the soul dies and the physical, idea that the soul separates from the body after death. â€Å"The soul is most like that which is divine, immortal intelligible, uniform, indissoluble, and ever self-consistent and invariable, whereas body is most like that which human, mortal is, multiform, unintelligible, dissoluble, and never self-consistent.† (Phaedo)[2] According to Socrates, knowledge is not something one came to understand but it was actually imprinted on the soul. Knowledge to Socrates was an unchanging eternal truth, something that could not be acquired through experience and time. Socrates friends believe that after death the soul disperses into the air like a breath. On the contrary Socrates believes that the soul is in fact immortal and if one wants to become free of pain they way to do so is to exempt themselves from the physical pleasures of the world. In this dialogue Socrates and the philosophers explore several arguments for this idea of an immortal soul. These arguments were to illustrate and verify that death is not the dying of body and soul collectively, but when the body dies the soul continues to live on. Socrates offers readers four main arguments: The Cyclical Argument, which is the idea that forms are fixed and external. The soul is the sole purpose of life in this argument, and therefore cannot die and it is also to be seen as virtually never-ending. Next is The Theory of Recollection, which insists that at birth everyone has knowledge that the soul experienced in another life. Meaning that the soul would have had to be existent before birth to bear this said knowledge. The Form of Life Argument confers that the soul bears a resemblance to that which is imperceptible and godly because it is abstract. The body bears a resemblance to the perceptible and the corporeal because it is objective. The Affinity Argument maybe the simplest of all. It reiterates Socrates thoughts of the body and soul, in saying that when the body dies and decomposes our soul will continue to exist in another world.[3] Since the soul is immortal it has been recycled many times, and has also experienced everything there is to experience, for Socrates and Plato this idea of recollection is much deeper than remembering something once forgotten. Socrates views knowledge as something that cannot be learned but the soul recalls it as it is being recycled. Grasping the understanding that things come to be beings by being composed of something pre-existing and when ceased these parts will continue to exist. Focusing on The Theory of Recollection, this is the claim that knowledge is innate, and cannot be learned. â€Å"What you said about the soul. They think that after it has left the body it no longer exists anywhere, but that it is destroyed and dissolved on the day the man dies.†(Cebes)[4] Socrates’ point for this argument is that our soul with holds this knowledge and we are born with it. Although we do not remember things before we are born it is said that certain experiences can nevertheless re awaken certain aspects of that memory. For example in The Meno, Socrates raises a mathematical problem to Meno’s slave boy, who does not have any prior training in mathematics. The boy thinks he knows the answer but Socrates makes him see that his initial hypothesis of the answer is wrong. By purely asking questions, Socrates gets the slave boy to state the right answer. Socrates insists that he has not told the boy the answer, but through questioning the slave boy, Socrates aided him to recollect the slave boy’s own knowledge of mathematics.[5] Furthermore Socrates also makes another example of recollection by stating if one were to come in contact with a picture or an item of a beloved then it would be simple to recall said person to the mind. This is the idea of how recollection works. If we examine this example and change certain aspects of it, it does not become very clear either. If a picture of a beloved one was shown to a stranger it is safe to say that the stranger would not be able to recall any thoughts, memories or details of the person in the photograph because they do not have any prior knowledge of said person. In order for the stranger to do so they would have had to been in acquaintance with that person in the photograph at one time or another. This act of resemblance is easier for someone who already knows the person. Plato also uses an example of a vehicle stating that before a vehicle is mobile there were parts that were made to turn it into a vehicle such as the engine, steering wheel, and etcetera. He continues to make the point that even after the vehicle breaks down that these pieces will still remain to create the next vehicle. According to Plato ordinary objects participate in this recollection of platonic forms themselves; these things remind of us platonic forms because the soul once encountered it. He persists that the soul must have ex isted because of this. All of which are ways to reiterate that this idea that knowledge is imprinted on the soul may have validity to it. In essence there was time where only the soul existed and it soon found a home in a body of another, making it now a mortal being(birth). Reincarnation is not only a rebirth of the soul but the neutralization of the knowledge one attained before birth as well. Then there is a period where our a priori knowledge seems to disappear only to reappear when it is recalled. It is claimed that we lose our knowledge at birth; then by the use of our senses in connection with particular objects we recover the knowledge we had before. However, this relationship between the perception of sensible objects and our capacity of finding knowledge can produce a series of confusions concerning whether it is possible to recall all prior knowledge. The problem in this argument and certain aspects of this notion of an immortal soul is that even if it were proven that we were made up something before birth, and something will remain after death, it is not for certain that it is the soul. Through scientific study it is understood that the body is also made of atoms it is also known that atoms existed before the body and will continue long after the body. The atoms that make up the body will in fact be recycled as well just as Socrates has the concept that the soul lives on. Plato and Socrates were correct on the idea that certain parts were in pre-existence does come to make one existent and will exist after death. Although even with this idea one cannot be certain that the soul is one of the parts of the body that is solely immortal. There is not adequate information given by Plato or Socrates to make this argument suffice. We must raise an inquiry of why is that in order to think of perfection we must have already had to have seen it? Aside from philosophical views, in everyday life we encounter imperfections and it is safe to say that the mind is capable of wondering what something of beauty, perfection, or a perfect circle appears to be. The mind is also able to think about these ideas even if the soul has never encountered it. If these arguments prove anything it proves that The Theory of Recollection and The Cyclical Argument both attest that the soul existed before but the arguments do not prove that the soul will continue to exist after this life. Works Cited 1. Cahn, M Steven. Classics of Western Philosophy. Hackett Publishing Company, Inc 2006 2. Morgan, K, 2000, Myth and Philosophy from the pre-Socratics to Plato, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 3. Partenie, Catalin, â€Å"Plato’s Myths†, The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Fall 2009 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.), URL = . (April 11th2010) ———————– [1] Cahn- Plato’s, The Phaedo [2] Quote from the philosopher Phaedo [3] Socrates theories discussed by Plato [4] Phaedo 70a [5] Plato’s The Meno

Child Marriage Research Paper Essay

Child Marriage: Why is the Act Performed Throughout Countries Around the World? According to the International Center for Research on Women, â€Å"if present child marriage trends continue, more than 142 million girls worldwide will be forced to marry adult men during the next decade-the equivalent of 38,000 girls every day.† Child marriage is defined as marriage before the age of eighteen (International Center for Research on Women, 2012). This marriage is usually forced and comes as a shock to the young girl. Any day, at anytime, a young girl can be taken from her home, sold, married off, and forced to live a life full of threats, violence, and abuse. When I first heard of child marriage I assumed that it happens in countries that aren’t that well off, whom are still living in poverty. I was taken aback when I found out that child marriage is a practice affecting women all over the world: Asia, Africa, the Middle East, and in some communities in Europe and the America ns (Worden, 2010). I want to find out all the usual questions one would ask about a problem in the world today: how, when, who, where, and WHY does child marriage even happen in all of these countries?! After researching these questions in depth, amongst a few of these countries I want to look into what child marriage may have in common in these different countries. In Afghanistan, statistics show that an estimate of 67 percent of all marriages are forced and approximately 57 percent of girls are married before the age of 16. (The Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, 2010). Child marriage occurs in Afghanistan despite certain laws that have been made, due to culture and traditions, protection of the child, and economic problems families may face. Child marriage has been part of Afghan culture for thousands of years, and trying to rid a country of a culture event angers a lot of the people living in Afghanistan. Child marriage is known to be apart of Afghan culture as a form of protection. W hen one tries to put an end to child marriage in Afghanistan, the Afghans view this as going against the culture and traditions of the community (Yousef, 2013). Parents of a young girl, believe they are doing the right thing by selling, giving away, or exchanging their child because they know she will be clothed, fed, and sheltered from the violence and sexual abuse that the country of Afghanistan is faced with. Under Afghanistans  constitution, the minimum age for females is 16, but in rural and urban areas the tradition of marrying off daughters while young in order to receive money remains common among the poor. (Irinnews.org) Families living in poverty is one of the reasons child marriage is so high in Afghanistan. Some Afghan families can’t afford to take care of their children once they are born, so their best solution is marrying off their daughters. They view this as â€Å"if she gets married, she will have something for herself†. (Yousef, 2013) As if child marriage isn’t a problem already, a huge problem arises once the marriage is in effect. The problem that arises is childbirth in young girls who aren’t mature enough to carry a child to full term. This results in the baby not making it to full term, or the young girl dying while trying to give birth. In Afghanistan, it is said that every hour, two women die while giving birth- the highest maternal mortality rate in Asia. (Irinnews.org) This all comes as a shock to me as I read that â€Å"most harmful practices are crimes under Afghan law and inconsistent with Sharia law†. Under Islam, marriage is said to be a mutual contractual agreement and consent is required by both the woman and the man for a marriage to be valid. The marriage of girls before the age of sixteen, is against Afghan law. (Gangon, 140) So why are all these marriages occurring?! Well, it is said that â€Å"the police and judiciary in Afghanistan often fail to enforce laws that respect women’s rights, and tend to take a selective rather than impartial approach to administering justic e†. (Gagnon,142) Even some community and religious leaders are prolonging the issue of child marriage because they are uneducated, without any training on women’s rights. Child marriage: a â€Å"practice that robs millions of girls of their childhood, their rights, and their dignity† (Hedayat, 2011). This a quote from Girls Not Brides global initiative that launched in Africa, and made it’s way over to India. Statistics show that 40% of the world’s child marriages take place in India (Hedayat, 2011). Even though child marriages are illegal in India, priests still conduct child weddings, and guests still attend with happiness and excitement. The legality doesn’t seem to affect the people in India, even though one would be charged with a fine of Rs100,000 ($1,600 in US currency) for not preventing or stopping a child marriage. These marriages are still being performed in India, more or less â€Å"secretly†. Child marriages are supported by villages in India, so when these marriages are performed,  nobody informs the police. A difference between India and Afghanistans child marriages, is that once the young couple gets certified as husband and wife, they don’t end up living with each other until they are older (Around 15 or 16). It seems to me in India child marriage is opposed by the Indian government, and largely tolerated by the families, and young girls of India. One young girl says: â€Å"Had I been married later, I’d have learned to read and write† (Hedayat, 2011). The young girls are expressing that one of the biggest struggles with child marriage, is not being able to receive an education. If I was forced into marriage at any age before 16, I’m not even sure I would have the emotional stability to even think about an education because I would be traumatized. This culture shock really intrigued me. The main reason why child marriages are being performed throughout India, is directly similar to Afghanistan. The two main reasons are due to culture, and parents wanting their daughter to be better provided for by an older man, because they can’t provide the type of life they want for their daughter. Which absolutely makes no sense to me! Yes, they maybe getting all the necessary essentials to be surviving, but these young girls are barely even living when they have to suffer through the traumatizing effects of being a child bride. Of course, many young girls in India also are forced into having a baby, resulting in deaths of the young girls and their soon to be child. In India, out of every 1,000 children born due to child marriage, 31 die before they are one year old (Resource Centre for Participatory Development Studies, 2011). These statistics make me cringe, because in reality so many young girls and newborn babies deaths can be stopped, if this horrible acceptable view of child marriage is put to an end. When researching child marriage in Africa, statistics showed that 42% of girls were married before turning 18 (PBS, 2010). As I was reading an article, I came across a horrid sentence that literally broke my heart. I read that in Africa, parents â€Å"consider their daughters second-class citizens and see them as potential sources of income.† (Kamba, 2013). In Central and West Africa, 2 out of every 5 girls are married before they reach the age of eighteen (Kamba, 2013). According to Kambas article, child marriages are being performed in Africa due to parents wanting to protect their young girls from pre-marital sex and unwanted pregnancy, â€Å"which tarnish a family’s honour and  may diminish the value of a future dowry.† South Sudan is known to have the world’s highest mo rtality rate, â€Å"with about 2,054 deaths per 100,000 live births.† The young women having these babies, also don’t have a good chance in living, where as one in seven girls die due to pregnancy at such a young age (Kamba, 2013). Just like Afghanistan, and India, traditional practices play a huge part of why child marriage is still performed in Africa. Child marriage is engraved in Africa as an â€Å"ancient tradition†. Even though tradition plays a huge role on child marriage, the economic struggle of Africa also comes into play. Child marriage can be blamed on â€Å"the country’s poorly-defined and contradictory laws as well as the government’s weak execution and enforcement of them† (Kamba, 2013). Overall, I can find some sense into child marriage being blamed on the government’s weak enforcement, because if the country is facing economic difficulties, how can they have enough money and support to have a strong forceful government? After researching Afghanistan, India, and Africa, I wanted to see if child marriage is performed throughout the European and American nations. European and American nations don’t deal with as much poverty as these other countries do, which made me curious to find out if child marriage is actually performed in these nations. I did some research, and even though there isn’t much on the internet of child marriage in European and American nations, I came across a few sources. In Europe child marriage is practiced in Georgia (rate of 17%), Turkey (rate of 14%), and Ukraine (rate of 10%). Ten percent of young children marry before the age of eighteen in Britain and France (United Nations Population Fund, 2012). According to Dr. Lisa Dana, child marriages are most common in the Southern part of the United States, because laws on marriage are more lenient there. In the United States, statistics found that 8.9% of children were married off young, which is dramatically lower than the other countries that I’ve researched. All but two states in the United States require both the members of a partnership to be at least eighteen years of age or older to be allowed to marry without parental consent (Strat, 2011). I was surprised with how little information on child marriage I came across while researching Europe and Latin/Northern America. I came to the conclusion that a lot of child marriages aren’t reported from these nations, or as sad as it is, it doesn’t happen that  often because these countries aren’t in severe poverty. So, after researching all these different countries, I asked myself two questions: Why does child marriage even happen and are there common reasons of why this is happening throughout the world? I came to the conclusion that child marriage is practiced due to culture/tradition, poverty, security, and failure for authorities to enforce laws. Throughout all these countries, besides the European nations, I found that these four main factors play a common role in why child marriage happens. Culture and tradition is definitely the main reason why child marriage is prevalent in these countries. Culture places strong social pressures on families to conform to everything the culture expects. If families decided to go against tradition, they face the consequences of facing disapproval or family shame. (Equality Now 2010). Culture plays a huge roll in families from these countries, and it is purely unacceptable to go against the culture that you’re from. Poverty is another reason why child marriage happens. Families that can’t afford to raise a child due to low income, look at the child as an economic burden (United Nations Population Fund 2012). If the girls aren’t seen as a burden, they are â€Å"valued as capital for their exchange value in terms of goods, money, or livestock† (Equality Now, 2010). How horrific! I can’t even imagine the emotional insecurities these young girls face when being bargained off to random men who are much older than them. Security also plays a big role on why child marriage occurs around the world. Many of these countries don’t have a secure home base for their children to be safe. Parents want their child to have a safe future, so they turn to child marriage as a secure base. This goes back on the poverty aspect, if parents can’t afford to take care of their daughter, they sell her off to a man whom can. Even though he really isn’t â€Å"taking care â€Å" of her. In my opinion the child would have a â€Å"safer future† if she just stayed with her family, because she doesn’t have the risk of being abused, or dying due to young pregnancy. Lastly, failure to enforce laws that have been made for women, and the issue of child marriage plays a huge roll on why child marriage is still occurring to this day. In most of these countries, there are laws that don’t allow marriage until the age of eighteen, and many laws that are protecting women. Some families aren’t aware that they are breaking the law, while others just don’t care to stop because nobody is strictly enforcing these laws. â€Å"In some  countries early marriage is so prevalent, prosecutions are seldom brought†(United Nations Population Fund, 2012). If authorities went into these countries, and tried to pin point exactly where child marriage is happening, even in the â€Å"secret villages†, and prosecuted the individuals performing in this act, we might see lower statistics. â€Å"According to the Convetion on Elimination on All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW)- marriage before the age of 18 shouldn’t be allowed since children don’t have the ‘full maturity and capacity to act’ (United Nations Population Fund, 2012). I couldn’t even imagine being forced into a marriage at a age where I am barely able to read and write. Marriage is ones personal decision, not a forceful requirement. How could anyone force their two year old child into wedlock and ten years down the road force the child out of their home? The concept of child marriage makes me sick to my stomach and leaves me with an uneasy feeling. I am infatuated with children, and the thoughts and images that run through my mind about child marriage, utterly break my heart. Whether the concept of child marriage is due to culture/tradition, poverty, security, or failure for authorities to enforce laws, there is really no excuse for this act being performed! Young girls deserve to be educated and grow to be the best possible women they can in the future. Every girl, deserves the opportunity to reach their full potential. Child marriage needs to be put to an around the world, but what can you do? The most important action to take in order to stop child marriage, is to educate and empower girls. â€Å"Education is one of the most powerful tools to delay the age at which girls marry as school attendance helps shift norms around child marriage† (Girls Not Brides, 2013). I encourage each and every girl to educate another women they know about child marriage. Do research, find answers, make your voices heard. One thing you can do is sign UK’s Take the Vow petition. As I was researching, I came across this petition that is urging the UK’s government to take action and early and forced marriage around the world (United Nations Population Fund, 2012). You can take this vow, just like I have, and the world could just be one step closer to the world ban of child marriage. Works Cited â€Å"Child Marrriage: Facts, Causes and Consequences.† About.com Middle East Issues. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. â€Å"Child Marriage in America:a Health Risk.† BabyCenter Blog. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. â€Å"Child Marriage in the United States and Its Association With Mental Health in Women.† Child Marriage in the United States and Its Association With Mental Health in Women. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. â€Å"Early and Forced Marriage – Facts, Figures and What You Can Do.† Early and Forced Marriage. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Nov. 2013. Gagnon, George. The Unfinished Revolution: Voices from the Global Fight for Women’s Rights. Ed. Minky Worden. New York: Seven Stories, 2012. Print. Hedayat, Nel. â€Å"What Is It like to Be a Child Bride?† BBC News. BBC, 10 Apr. 2011. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. â€Å"How Can We End Child Marriage?† Girls Not Brides How Can We End Child Marriage Comments. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. â€Å"Humanitarian News and Analysis.† IRINnews. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. â€Å"Navigating Interracial Borders: Black-White Couples and Their Social Worlds [Paperback].† Navigating Interracial Borders: Black-White Couples and Their Social Worlds: Erica Chito Childs: 9780813535869: Amazon.com: Books. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. Ryan, Rebecca M. â€Å"Martial Birth and Early Child Outcomes: The Moderating Influence of Marriage Propensity.† 83.3 (2012): 1085-101. Meriam Library. Web. 20 Nov. 2013. â€Å"The Dangers of Child Marriage in India.† ChildFund International. N.p., n.d. Web. 22 Nov. 2013. Wondie, Yemataw. â€Å"Early Marriage, Rape, Child Prostitution, and Related Factors Determining the Psychosocial Effects Severity of Child Sexual Abuse in Ethiopia.† Journal of Child Sexual Abuse (2011): n. pag. Meriam Library. Web.

How does Fitzgerald tell the story in chapter 6 of The Great Gatsby?

Fitzgerald uses Nick to introduce the readers to the evolution of ‘James Gatz’ to Gatsby. Straight away Nick is telling the story in retrospect, once again which is an indication that the narrative is based more on his thoughts and interpretations than facts – meaning his reliability can’t always be trusted, and starts the chapter about Gatsby straight away and how there is an ‘ambitious young reporter’ on his ‘day off’ to question Gatsby. He is there to gain information from Gatsby about the rumours of him being a ‘German Nazi’ and his popularity over the recent summer. This is actually a use of foreshadowing because they are not there for Gatsby but to question his ‘accepted hospitality’ which is later seen in chapter 9 where people gather to reveal information about the ‘madman’ Wilson and the death of Gatsby, not actually Gatsby himself, just the role he plays. This chapter is not told in chronological order, due to Nick admitting he tells the anecdote of Gatsby’s past, first and Gatsby ‘told me all this very much later’ which means Fitzgerald decided to show the reader of Gatsby’s past of ‘unsuccessful farm people’ to another lavish party Gatsby throws so the reader understand how he got from point A to B. This is also part of Nick’s manipulating narrative because we are told how Gatsby ‘didn’t get it’ (the money from Dan Cody) which paints Gatsby is a good light because he built up his own wealth from not wanting to be a ‘janitor’ anymore. However, its also the work of Tom do we understand Gatsby and Nick aren’t being completely open about his wealth because Tom suddenly suggests Gatsby is a ‘bootlegger’ meaning Nick starts the chapter with an anecdote of Gatsby’s heroic attempt to save Dan Cody’s yacht but refuses the admit h e then later created his money from illegal behaviour. The main setting of chapter 6 is Gatsby house. However, it’s seen at day time and night. In the day time we see how Gatsby has guests who include Tom Buchanan are ready to leave. They invite Gatsby but end up leaving without him. This shows how Gatsby isn’t really anyone’s friend and that people really do use him for his ‘hospitality’ not friendship. This shows how ‘twilight’ contrasts against the ‘Sunday afternoon’ to show how Gatsby is polite and welcomes people into his home but no one will repay the favour. This, however, could be another manipulation made by Nick to get sympathy for Gatsby because this is all told in retrospect meaning when we hear how, in chapter 9, that Nick is ‘on Gatsby side and all alone’ he could be using previous chapters, like 6, to manipulate the past. Fitzgerald also uses motifs and colour to tell the story in chapter 6. This is conspicuous when Daisy says to Nick, ‘present a green card. I’m giving out green-.’ This is to show mouldy love because Daisy had previously said; ‘if you want to kiss me’ which Nick would not want to do because he does not love Daisy, meaning the ‘green card’ is a representation of mouldy love. However, it must not be forgotten that Gatsby looks at the dock for the ‘green light’ before reuniting with Daisy, which could be a suggestion from Fitzgerald to show how Gatsby’s and Daisy’s love has expired over the ‘5 years next November’ yet both of them are unable to admit it. This is also a use of foreshadowing because green can also represent freedom, freedom is actually what Tom and Daisy always seem to convey after something has gone wrong, meaning that they are able to move on swiftly after events, such as Gatsby and Myr tles death.

Topic is the Vietnam war. The main thrust of your comment will be from Essay

Topic is the Vietnam war. The main thrust of your comment will be from the view point of the aggressor. For example, if WWII - Essay Example Ho Chi Minh being a communist and an aggressor, he started guerilla violence in opposition to the Japanese with the sustainability of the United States of America. Towards the end of the war, the Japanese began promoting the Vietnamese patriotism and in the end approved the country's ostensible independence. According to Caputo, in the subsequent years the Japanese were defeated and the French returned to occupy their colony (287). Viet Minh singly accepted their access into Vietnam after being assured that the country was to be granted independence as part of an agreement with the French union. However, negotiations broke down between the two warring factions and in December 1946, the French soldiers’ surrounded the city of Haiphong and compulsorily got back the capital city Hanoi. These events started the clash between the Viet Minh and the French, which resulted in the Indochina War. The French soldiers were at last defeated at Dien Bien Phu in the year 1954 (Karnow 501). D owns further illustrates that in the beginning, the United States of America had no interest in Southeast Asia and Vietnam (211). Nevertheless, it became obvious that after the World War II the globe would be subjugated by the United States of America and its allies. The Soviet Union together with its allies was at the opposite side of the fence. This isolated the communist movements as a strategy for their success. These concerns were in the end converted into the principle of domino theory; the only remaining option of containing the communist tendencies is to close them within their borders. Tonsenic asserts that these trends continued dominating the United States foreign policy for a long time (165). In 1950, to stop the spread of communism, the U.S began supplying weapons to the French military in Vietnam and financially assisting the French troops. This was meant to dismantle the Viet Minh; these operations continued into the year 1956, when highly trained advisors provided co aching facilities to the army of the newly established Republic of South Vietnam. In spite of their excellent hard work, the army of the republic of Vietnam was poorly equipped and, therefore, ineffective throughout its existence. Karnow shows how the US continued supporting the Diem regime as it battled against Ho Chi Minh’s Marxist military aggressors in the north (624). In the year 1957, a small guerrilla pressure group began to come forward in the south, led by Viet Minh’s soldiers that had not come back from the north after the accords. In 1959, these groups fruitfully pressured Ho’s administration into issuing an undisclosed resolution requesting for an equipped struggle in the south. Military personnel along with the Ho Chi Minh group began supplying weapons and troops into the south. The subsequent year, National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam began in earnest to carry on the fight (Downs 167-168). The situation continued to deteriorate in Sou th Vietnam, worsened by the corrupt regime of Diem government and the Viet Cong continued encroachment. In 1961, the Kennedy administration agreed to pump more aid, weapons, and additional financial support to the rebels. Washington had begun deliberations to force a government transformation in Saigon. In November 2, 1963, the Criminal Investigation Agency CIA of the US assisted the rebels to remove the Diem government from power. In order to mitigate the post coup d'etat chaos, President Kennedy enlarged the number of US soldiers in South Vietnam to

Journal Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Journal - Research Paper Example This is a collection of memoirs written by Kingston herself without the mentioning of her own name. The narrator talks about how she grew up in a foreign land, which is the United States. The narrator is basically Chinese, and foreign people are generally termed as ghosts in Chinese language. We also see literal ghosts in a couple of sections, but generally ghosts mean non-Chinese people. The narrator keeps on bringing on the memories and cultural norms of China, while living in the United States, which shows that she has never let go of her mother culture. In this story, the narrator talks about the influence of mother tongue on the chances and opportunities that come in the way of the person, especially if he speaks limited or broken English. She talks how her mother had adopted different kinds of Englishes just for the sake of survival in the non-native country. The narrator tells about her struggles, how she changed her major from pre-med to English, and became a freelance writer. The theme behind is that the language spoken in a family has great influence upon the personality and destiny of a person. We can compare the three stories in a sense that all talk about the importance of mother language and cultural identity. These two things remain a part and parcel of one’s life even when one goes abroad and settles down in another culture with foreign people. Private language and mother tongue should not be given up, because these have a great impact upon our personalities and the way we cope with our everyday lives. â€Å"When I went to kindergarten and had to speak English for the first time, I became silent. A dumbness – a shame – still cracks my voice in two, even when I want to say "hello" casually, or ask an easy question in front of the check-out counter, or ask directions of a bus driver.† (Kingston 5.30) This quote shows the embarrassment when she had not learnt the foreign language. This brings up the importance of learning the second

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Assignment Example e policy focused on reallocation of resources to reflect market forces which was followed by reduction and removal of tariff protection in addition to corporatization and privatization of government business enterprises (Australia 1998). The microeconomic reforms aimed at improving the efficiency and effectiveness of industries and therefore impose competition (Gittins & Forsyth 2008). When more and more industries become efficient per unit production the costs will eventually be lowered (Gittins & Forsyth 2008). This will automatically results to increased profit made by the business. The main objective is to ensure that producers transfer and supply their resources to the industries that are efficient. This will see abandonment of those industries which are not using the resources efficiently. The implementation of the microeconomic reforms basing on the 5 sector flow model has seen sharper competition develop between lower and foreign investments. More and great incentives are now available for local investors to improve their productivity by reducing costs and seeking new markets (Gittins & Forsyth 2008). There is great openness to trade and many people are encouraged even to specialize in business. Moreover, prices of commodities have also lowered and things are much affordable to the domestic consumers. Competition in communication sectors has seen advancement since the reforms ended monopoly discrimination of single business (Gittins & Forsyth 2008). The microeconomic reform policies have one major advantage. It is upon individual businesses to come up with the best strategies to sell and overcome competitors. This has seen service delivery and quality of products improve. One of the shortcomings is conflict among competing business companies (Budget.gov 1998). The free business environment needs to have regulation. This will ensure there is respect among competing companied as far as competition is concerned. Australian microeconomic policy has a major

CJUS 310 DB7 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

CJUS 310 DB7 - Essay Example This discussion focuses on the last phase of the juvenile court process referred to as disposition. After the verdict has been passed and the defendant found guilty, the judge orders the department of juvenile justice to prepare a predisposition report. This is aimed at recommending endorsements for the defendant (Krygier, 2009). The report usually entails the background, the family status and criminal history of the defendant. It is normally completed and served to the judge, defense attorney, the defendant and the assistant state attorney. The report also contains the recommended sentence that has been passed to the defendant for the judge to review. The report is not completed for all cases there are others that are an exception (Shoemaker, 2009). The case then proceeds to a dispositional hearing. Here, the judge sentences the defendant according to the crime committed and the circumstances that led to the case. The sentence may be imposed in two ways; either the defendant may be put under probation or may be committed to the department of juvenile justice (Krygier, 2009). Both sentences however do not go beyond the nineteenth birthday of the defendant. In cases where the defendant is put in probation, he/she is expected to complete community service work or letters of apology. This is usually not time conscious since as soon the juvenile serves as it expected of them the sentence may be terminated (Krygier, 2009). On the contrary when the juvenile is committed to the department of juvenile justice, their sentences are time associated (Shoemaker, 2009). In such instances then the court identifies the restriction that is most appropriate. Currently there are four commonly known levels of commitment. These are low risk programmes, moderate risk programmes, high risk programmes and lastly the juvenile prison (Shoemaker,

Ubiquitous Computing Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Ubiquitous Computing Technology - Essay Example Many researchers from whole world are at the present working in the ubiquitous computing structure. Their effort impacts all regions of computer science, including hardware components (like chips), interaction substrates, applications, privacy, network protocols and computational techniques (Banavar et al, 2002). Ubiquitous computing or normally called â€Å"ubicomp† is an away desktop or post desktop model of human computer interaction in which data and information processing has been comprehensively incorporated interested in daily life matters and actions. As different to the desktop working and processing, in which a sole user deliberately engages a single device for a meticulous task, someone "employing† ubiquitous computing employs several computational devices and systems at the same time, in the track of normal actions, and possibly will not essentially even be conscious that they are doing so (Stajano, 2002). Ubiquitous computing is the visualization of a world in which computing power and digital infrastructure are tremendously economical property, so low-priced they are entrenched in all the daily things that enclose us. We can say that ubiquitous computing is not virtual reality, it is not a Personal Digital Assistant or PDA like Apples Newton, and it is not an individual or friendly computer with agents responsible for your bidding. Different from virtual reality, ubiquitous computing actions to put together information exhibit into the daily physical world. It believed that nuances of the authentic world to be magnificent, and plans plainly to augment them. Unlike PDAs, ubiquitous computing visualizes a world of completely associated devices, with inexpensive wireless networks all over the place (Kenneth, 1998); unlike PDAs, it is assumed that you are required nothing with you, because information will be available all over the place. Unlike the intimate agent computer that reacts t o ones tone or voice and is an individual

The value of nursing leadership to healthcare reform Scholarship Essay

The value of nursing leadership to healthcare reform - Scholarship Essay Example These factors hold good whether the reform takes place in the public or private sector, and whether it takes place in a service or manufacturing industry/area. As can be seen from the above section, the change process requires leadership from all levels of the organization including physicians, top management, nursing staff, and other sections of service providers in the healthcare sector. This paper reviews the concept of nursing leadership in the context of healthcare reforms. It is felt that developing leadership among nurses is important since they play an important role in healthcare. It is these employees who have the closest association with patients and are responsible for implementing any reforms that are implemented for their (patient’s) benefit. In the process, the paper will review the concepts of leadership (in nursing) reform/ change management, and how it can be applied to the nursing sector. The area of study (through review of literature) will be the healthcar e reforms in the United States. Leadership in the nursing industry – a brief review: The problem within an organization is to identify and develop leadership qualities among its employees at different levels. The problem with the nursing sector was that they are seen as submissive to the demands put forward by their hierarchical superiors and the demands of the patients (Ivanov & Blue, 2008, 19). With such behviours engrained into the profession, it would be a challenge to develop competent nurse leaders even in a status quo situation. It becomes more challenging when reforms are involved. Secondly, the nursing profession has been plagued by a command and control style according to Moss (2005, 80). In effect, an autocratic style of leadership is exhibited by nursing managers towards their subordinates. The author is of the opinion that this creates an atmosphere that is not conducive to development of leadership within the profession. What is required is a participative or tr ansformational approach by the leader who is attuned to the sensitivities of their subordinates and patients. They should also be receptive to new ideas whether it is provided by superiors or subordinates. The advantage here is that subordinates will have a sense of fulfillment and will become willing participants in the reform process. More on leadership styles and its impact on the nursing leadership concept will be given in later sections of this paper. The third major challenge, especially in the United States is severe shortage of qualified nurses. According to some studies, a shortage of forty thousand to one million nurses will be experienced in the healthcare sector in the country by 2020. It can be said that these are the main challenges to developing effective nursing leadership. Healthcare reform in nursing: Nursing is all about caring and the profession should develop a humanistic approach with regard to patients, other staff members, the organization and the community ( Marshall & Coughlin, 2011, 185). Healthcare reforms usually focus on streamlining the affordability of healthcare, insurance issues, and solving the problems associated with Medicare and Medicaid (through reduced government spending), these does not directly affect the nursing profession at the grassroots level. These are basically administrative, social, and financial issues and nursing professionals have to implement the statutes and guidelines that are brought about

Covenants Land law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Covenants Land law - Essay Example The main concern in this case is whether or not Sarah is able to enforce the covenant to Oliver who will only own the land for a particular period which is 50 years. The answer is definitely no. Sarah does not have any legal ground to enforce the covenant to Oliver since the covenant between Leonard and Mary did not apply to Oliver2. However, Sarah has all the legal grounds to enforce some penalty to Mary for the bridge of covenant. The reason is that Mary had not sold off the land to Oliver. Therefore, the covenant is still biding, what she did was to lease the land to Oliver, but not sell it to him. What this means is that the covenant is still binding and Mary has to take the responsibility to ensure that the restrictive covenant signed between her and Leonard is upheld. Therefore, the piece of advice to Sarah is to get hold of Mary and charge her with the responsibility3. However, this should be noted that it is the covenantee who enforces the covenant to the covenanter. This will be in exception incase the deed was designed to provide that the covenanter is not in any way liable incase there is a breach in the covenant after he/she has sold the land. However, this is not applicable in this case because Mary had not sold the land In the second case regarding Ned, the covenant they agreed on was one that denied him the right to use the plot for commercial use. However, when Ned sold the plot to Phillip he went ahead to use it for commercial use where he offered yoga and log cabin services. This is a little complex since Ned sold the land to Philip. It can even be more complex incase Ned cannot be easily traced4. Sarah may not be able to enforce the covenant on Philip since there was no any transaction between them. However, if Sarah can be able to reach Ned then she can be able to compel her to make the same agreement with Ned. In fact, it may be difficult for Sarah to

Three questions for corporate social responsibility Essay

Three questions for corporate social responsibility - Essay Example The ability of large corporations to influence how the economy is moving is perhaps one of the most important reasons why their governance should be taken seriously. The administrations of these corporations should always be put under the microscope and watched closely so that they do not end up doing business which is unethical and which might end up making investors lose confidence in it. Consequently, it has become necessary for corporations to have strong boards to oversee their activities since without them they would lack direction. While this should be the case, most corporations are often lax in their governance since their major aim often tends to be to make profits at any cost (Morrison 2004, p.122). There is the suggestion that companies only take their governance seriously when they feel that they are at risk of not only losing their customers, but also their clients as well. Companies need to find proper validation for their actions and to ensure this; they have to take their governance seriously. It is a fact that those companies or corporations that have strong principles of governance are the ones that are the most successful and this is the reason why this matter should be taken most seriously (Leighton and Garven 1996, p.809). Without strong governance, corporations are likely to cause their own collapse because it is often too late for them to correct those mistakes that they have made, and a major example of this is the current financial crisis caused by financial institutions. Corporate governance is not all about public relations and corporate social responsibility but is separate activities that should be evaluated separately. However, the latter activities are often used by corporations to promote an image of good governance, often ignoring the fact that it any crisis, such as the financial crisis, occurs, then these activities would be of little significance in saving the corporation. Q2 The agency dilemma is a situation where individua ls place their money in the hands of directors of the companies in which they are investing, since these directors are better placed to watch over the money. While this is the case, the agency dilemma states that these managers are not likely to give the money the attention it needs since it is not theirs but belongs to someone else (Letza et al 2008, p.21). This means that they would not care whether the owner of the money gets a profit or a loss as long as they get their commission out of it. Such a situation would therefore put the investor in a dilemma because he would not know whether to trust others with his money or not since the possibility of being protected against sustaining losses would be low indeed. Agency theory is similar to the agency dilemma because it involves shareholders signing a contract with those who run the company that they are investing in to take care of their interests. While this is the case, it means that the shareholders have to let go of any decisio n-making authority towards their investment and trust to the directors or managers to act in good faith on their behalf. Consequently, it is not often easy for the shareholder to gauge whether the manager of a company will act in his best interests or not. In fact, according to the agency theory, while directors are obliged to act in the interests of their clients, this is not often the case and the former will often work for their

Origin of babies Essay Example for Free

Origin of babies Essay Once, there is young man who wished to have a good life, a great family he can call his own and offspring that he wanted to share his life with. During his bachelorhood, he would usually sit on his patio and think of these things. Years went by and he was able to marry the love of his life, the queen of his heart. He shared with her, his dreams when he was still a bachelor and together, they made that single simple dream come true. Under the clear blue sky of Paris, they both decided to have a family of their own, raise kids and be good parents. Soon after, their dream materialized and was blessed with a son. Being the kind of man that he his, he wants to raise his son the same way that his parents did to me. He would read to his son stories that deal with bravery, courage and respect to others. They were both a loving parent to their son they would give him all that he want if it is the best for him. When he was a year older, his father wants to mold his son into the kind of man that he is. They would often go out together and enjoy things that boys really do enjoy. Years and years passed, the son was already full-grown. He had finished college, had a secure job and is intending to marry his college girlfriend. They got married after several months of preparation and eventually bore their own child and a grandchild to their parents. The life cycle was already completed. The cycle of human life is chain and so it needs to be fulfilled step-by-step in order to arrive at the finish line. Upon the birth of their son, they were able to satisfy their urge of having a child and raise it the same that their parents did to them. They were able to fulfill the dream of their parents’ who wanted to see little children running around the lawn.

Dialog GSM: An Analysis

Dialog GSM: An Analysis Market Planning Changing Market Demand 1 Executive Summery Dialog GSM is a Leading telecommunication vendor in Sri Lanka Catering a customer base of 6 Million subscribers , with regard to the recent change in environment there has been a significance increase in demand for telecommunication need , Identifying environment change in time Dialog GSM wishes to have short term marketing plan evaluation report to cater the current situation, The following report will initially address a 2 years short term marketing plan which initially highlights on a short term marketing plan based on the current environmental situation analysis, following marketing plan will identify the approaches strategies recommendation to achieve the organizational goal A critical evaluation report is also prepared to company the success of the marketing plan. Evaluation report will highlight on how Dialog GSM will adopt to the role of marketing and marketing planning in responding to a change in the external marketing environment further evaluation report address on justifying the process of undertaking the marketing audit, and identifies the issues of information gathering and analysis associated in preparing the short tem marketing plan how an appropriate strategy which can be developed to overcome the current situation , utilizing segmentation-targeting-positioning strategy finally identify potential that may be encountered in implementing the marketing plan present operational proposals for addressing the potential issues 2 Rational of Assignment The rational of the assignment highlights significance increase in the level of demand for the Mobile telecommunication Sector in Sri Lanka, Since the Sri Lankan war has ended in the northern eastern region of Sri Lanka in May 2009, The need for telecommunication need has increased targeting a additional customer base of 3.5 4.5 Million and above which could bring more revenue market share to Dialog GSM (Sunday Observer, August 2009) The emergence of wireless-enabled computing devices are empowered by ubiquitous, low-cost wireless data mobile connections; In other words, we have a growing need for on-the-go communication supplemented by the rollout of 3G (third generation) cellular services and widespread Wi-Fi hotspots. This is motivating telecommunication providers, expand the market share and in such small market the post war situation has lead to tremendous opportunity among telecommunication vendors The Above diagram shows the opportunity in the market which is very much positive indicating the growth in telecommunication sector The following report will highlight on a 2 years short term marketing plan on how Dialog GSM can cope up to the significance rising demand since high competition is also expected to capture the same opportunity how Dialog GSM would have to plan in terms of Product positioning, segmentation marketing strategy to overcome such competition 3 Situation Analysis Current post war situation is created a tremendous opportunity to exploit new market, in analyzing the market environment; market economy is improving gradually as shown in the Macro Micro analysis (see appendix, Internal Environmental Analysis, PESTLE Analysis (Porters five forces Analysis) As Sri Lankan economy is moving towards a recovering phase the probability and chances of an individual owning a mobile connection is high , as per the SWOT analysis its identified in about 20 million population in Sri Lanka, so far 10 million connection being sold which indicates the potential of the growing market Today all mobile providers have huge potential in exploiting the market, where fierce competition is looked forward. One of the South Asian mobile operator, Airtel and Mobitel have shown interest to open their local offices and base stations in the northern region after the post war situation In terms of Sri Lankan mobile industry, end customers look forward for a low cost affordability package and when comparing different vendors value added features plays a vital role in decision making process which is identified in Macro Analysis. Innovative technologies help brand to lead the market and generate revenue, for example, the innovation and the launch of 3.5G services was firstly introduced by Dialog GSM and this has created a huge value for the brand and the mobile broadband technology in Sri Lanka. According to the present market situation identified, Dialog GSM needs to act fast and need to be innovative to be a leader in Sri Lankan mobile telecommunication sector, the following Marketing plan will address how Dialog GSM should improve revenue growth while improving market share. 3.1 Key Opportunities Threat Identified from current situation According to the current market analysis, the key opportunities and threats found through the internal external marketing audit done (see appendix, Internal Environmental Analysis, PESTLE Analysis ) Porters Five forces Analysis), based on this information Dialog GSM could plan for a Synergistic plan to satisfy the increasing demand for Mobile telecommunication in Sri Lanka ,Based on this information Dialog GSM could plan for a Synergistic plan to satisfy the increasing demand for Mobile telecommunication in Sri Lanka SWOT analysis is a tool that marketers use to assess an organizations strength, weakness, opportunities, and threats. Strength and weakness are internal factors that are directly controllable by marketers. Opportunities and threats are external factors that are uncontrollable (Pride et al, 2006). Key Opportunities Key Threats Opportunity to increase additional customer base of 4.5 Million subscribers from the post-war region Opportunity for major market development strategy Be a firs telecommunication provider to establish a strong island wide network distribution channel Opportunity to cater more CSR projects for the post war region to build good personal relationship. †¢ Competitors also aiming the same post-war region to capture market share †¢ Environmental changes in the political, social and economical conditions and the laws and regulations (Eg: TRC-SL regulations) actions will have impact on moving further 4 Corporate Objective Marketing objectives should possess certain characteristics (Pride et al, 2006): * Firstly, a marketing objective should be expressed in clear, simple terms so that marketing personnel understand exactly what they must achieve. * Secondly, it should written so that it can be measurable and * Thirdly, it should specify a time frame to accomplish The below from 2008 annual report explains the marketing objectives of Dialog GSM for the next 2 years. (Dialog GSM Annual Report, June 2008) 5 Segmentation There are a number of reasons why organizations undertake segmentation (Doyle, 1994): * To meet consumer needs more precisely * To Increase profits * To gain segment leadership * To retain customers * To Focus marketing communication 6 Targeting Targeting is all about which market segment(s) a business decides to priorities for its sales and marketing effort (Dibb, Simkin, Pride Ferrel, 2001) Targeting the right product to the right segment using the right marketing mix is important; Dialog GSM needs to implement differential targeting strategy for the segment of customers identified as above to cater the post war region, each product based segments have mentioned above has different characters from each other, identifying the correct audience and implementing the appropriate marketing mix strategy is important 7 Positioning Kotler (1998) defines positioning is a act of designing an offer so that it occupies a distinct and valued places in the mind of the target customer Dialog GSM should be able to retain and position the brand a leader by providing the best quality of customer service and the up to date innovative technical infrastructure to cater its customers base island wide, still Dialog GSM needs to maintain its customer service quality to be perceived among the current and potential customer to be a market leader 8 Dialog GSM Strategy Audit 8.1 Dialog GSM Value Chain Analysis 8.1.1 Support Activities Infrastructure Dialog GSM success to become a market leader in a short time frame is its infrastructure which the organization has created to support the each element of the value chain Human Resource Management Dialog GSM has a dedicated human resource management team to fulfill the gap of the human resource needs full fill the skill gaps of the staff to position them self as a market leader In current scenario resource will be mostly need for new product development customer care Technology Development Internal technology development is important to sustain the market position in terms of developing next generation of communication tools Investment in research development in technology will emphasis more towards the future growth Procurement Supply chain management is important part to support the ongoing business model, the following systems in place is important for Dialog GSM to sustain market leadership in the Telco sector * Procurement system * Inventory System * Logistics 8.1.2 Primary Activities Inbound Logistics Inbound logistic is important for routine based operational activities, Proper co-ordination management of logistics will help the staff and the functional departments to achieve the objectives Operational This will be the improvements inbound logistics from the suppliers Out Bond Logistics Out bound logistics will be better in terms of partnership with 3rd party vendors Marketing Sale This would be the support of 4Ps communicational activities , Dialog GSM has a dedicated sales marketing team to full fill this function within the organization , sales team is divided to target the B2B B2C target customers , while marketing team full fills the marketing activities to achieve the marketing objectives Service This would be one of the vital aspects of supporting the customers; Dialog GSM has initiated 247 customer hot line to support the customers, apart from this Dialog GSM has also created an online support system as well (Dialog GSM Customer Service Standards, June 2009) 8.2 Competitive Analysis Michel Porter (1985) defined a competitive advantage grid is based upon three generic strategies that enable an organization to closely identify the varies competitive position options open to them, The strategies are categorized as: * Cost leadership strategy * Differentiation strategy * Focus (or Segmentation) strategy A focus (Segmentation) strategy is determined to be narrow in scope whilst cost leadership and differentiation are relatively broad in scope. The following diagram demonstrates the three strategies in this context. As a market leader in a highly competitive market Dialog GSM focus to be a cost leader in terms of reducing operational cost to which could add value to develop new differential strategies to counter the current concentrated market , such as invest more money to 1. Research and development 2. Geographical expansion of the business to post war region 3. To open new outlets in newly identified market Also Dialog GSM should have a differential strategy to highlight its unique competency it the mobile telecommunication market against the growing competitors 8.3 Product Portfolio Analysis There are a number of portfolio models that are used to identify the current position of business units or products. This position will be the result of the organizations current resources and can be seen as a symptom of the competencies and assets of the organization. They reflect the organizations current performance and identify strengths on which the marketing strategy can be built, or weaknesses that the Strategy is required to overcome. 9 Marketing Strategy Dialog GSM is looking to exploit the growing new and increasing mobile telephony in the post war region with a repositioned and re priced product using various Marketing mix strategy of Product reposition and promotional strategy Customers and Corporate customers will be targeted will be targeted as with additional emphasis on new partnership which will differentiate Dialog GSM from its competitors Customers will continue to receive customized support and personal packages, but the focus of the future business will move towards aggressively to newly identified segments and geographical markets Gap analysis is a tool used by marketing managers to decide on strategies and tactics. This is done by asking two main questions, where are we now? And where do we want to be? The difference between the two is the GAP. Source www.marketingteacher.com Improve existing operation Since the gap shows of LKR 30 Million, it is important to look into strategies to close the gap, initially Dialog should emphasize on developing appropriate Marketing mix strategy to over come the revised forecast Moving forward Dialog GSM look into key strategies for growth, new product development to close the overall gap 9.1 Marketing Strategy for Growth Ansoffs Growth Matrix (1957) is a tool used to assist organization in the generation of strategy alternatives. It suggests that an organization will grow depending upon whether it markets new or existing products in new or existing market ANSOFF MARTIX Product Existing Product New Product Market Existing Market Market Penetration -(High) Aim * Increase usage among existing subscribers Focus * Promote existing product to existing customers Issue * Competitors also currently following penetration strategy due to the market saturation Product Development (High) Aim * Increase usage among existing subscribers Focus * Innovation development of new products and technology such as 3.5G , MMS , Mobile broad band which could bring more revenue * Also improvise on value added service like news alerts ,via sums Issue * Level of investment will be high , its advisable New Market Market Development (High) Aim * Expand Dialog GSM presence into new market to increase market share Focus * Promote existing product to new market * Identify key segments in new market  · Appoint new resellers in the identified potential geographical region Issue * Selected market should be highly analyzed before entering , new markets structure , logistics availability , economic condition has to be analyzed well Diversification (Low) Aim * Build a new strategy to enter new market with new products for growth Focus * Focus new markets like neighbor country Maldives to ender with new products like corporate internet solution Issue * High risk and high investment needed to move into a new product and market Recommendation Its recommended that Dialog GSM should apply Product development Market development as a strategy for growth profitability while market penetration can be used to retain market share, Diversification strategy will be a high risk to enter without proper study of a new market and it requires huge investment to develop new products 10 Marketing Mix Strategy Product * Since most of the post-war regional customers are† Tamil†, we need to do product customization in terms of their flexible language such as product broacher, customer support ,branch outlet branding * Dialog GSM needs to position their value added services to retain and differentiate from competitors, Customer service will also be a vital value added product where a customer will be evaluating against the competitor service * Formation of a product development team is important to produce new products for newly identified segments Price * Since post war region is yet to be developed in a high scale, price should be at a affordable cost * As long as new products like mobile broadband doesnt concur competition price skimming strategy could be applied Place * Formation of new distribution channel is important , since the product demand has increased reforming a new full fletched distribution system is important Opening of new business outlets Partnership with retail outlets to provide services Appoint Regional distributors to stock and sell products of Dialog Reinforce relationship with channel partners Promotion * Implementing a integrated communication mix is important for the success of Dialog GSM achieving its marketing objective * Promotional activities at outlets such as merchandising * Sales Promotion can be used in the penetration strategy , while Advertising of ATL BTL can be used to create high awareness in the new market identified * Direct Marketing can be identified to target new segment (Ex: Send a direct mailer to corporate executives on mobile broadband technology) People * Staff is the key strength of Dialog, Focusing on delivering high customer service is important * Promoting a culture of service within the firm is important Process * Dialog GSM Process system is important in delivering a quality service , systems like CRM is important in day to day customer transaction * Customer service systems (CSS), SAP ERP are the back bone of IT process infrastructure within Dialog Physical Evidence * Physical evidence has to be given more priority , since Dialog GSM is planning to expand its presence in Sri Lanka , Branding of stores , Branch offices and retail stores * Also Dialog GSM needs to ensure the image portrayed by the organization should in consistent for the new product development Evaluation control for a business plan is important to rectify make corrective action, Dialog GSM could make use of Key performance indicators (KPIs) and evaluate the achievements against the KPIs set initially, this would give a clear view of the overall achievement the marketing plan 11.1 Implementation Project Plan Task 2010 2011 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Q1 Q2 Q3 Q4 Identify key messages Operational plan for promotion activities Analyze and set up new branch office in newly identified market Launch of new products (Mobile broadband) Mass Advertising campaign to create awareness in the new market Mass awareness for Corporate sector New staff recruitment for Marketing implementation Training for new existing staff on the new marketing plan implementation Implementation of Marketing Activities Evaluation Control 12 Budget A budget is effectively a financial plan for action, for a identified period of time. It is essential that the budget to be allocated in line to the corporate marketing objectives of the organization According to Drummond, Ensor Ashford in their book (Strategic marketing (2003), budgeting highlights 2 key points Which is that budgeting is about resource allocation and secondly budgeting is a political process, hence the need for negotiation and bargaining to secure the resources to achieve the proposed marketing plan An appropriate budgeting using objective and task method is prepared to cater the need for the short term marketing plan (Refer appendix Budgeting) 13 Evaluation Control 13.1 Key Performer indicators for Dialog GSM Performance Evaluation * Revenue through sales * Number of Promotion which includes (Street promotion, outlet promotion, customer bonanza) * Number of new outlets merchandised * Numbers of new connections sold incentives claimed * Number of Public Relation Campaign * Number of CSR Campaign 14 Recommendation Conclusion 14.1 Recommendations for Improving the Planning Process and Development of Marketing Plans * Analysis Context of the 7-S Model -The McKinsey 7-S Framework can be useful to analyze the organization context and to highlight areas that are not in alignment within Dialog GSM, especially ones that historically it has overlooked. * Planning -The Extended Marketing Mix Alignment to the planning process by introducing the extended marketing mix when developing marketing strategy. Historically used in service organizations, application of the extended mix, or 7Ps, has now been recognized as having beneficial results for organizations of every kind. By introducing ‘People, ‘Physical Evidence and ‘Process into its strategic marketing planning process, Dialog GSM can introduce a framework for changing how soft issues are dealt with within the organization. * Planning Internal Marketing Dialog GSM should plan a program of internal marketing based on the soft 7-S components and formulated through the extended marketing mix. This will address the communication needs as highlighted in 3.5. At Dialog GSM this could mean: * People customer focused training for all employees and not just those who speak to customers; introduce regular staff appraisals; etc * Physical Evidence makeover Reception area; plants/pictures in the staff room * Process -Design and implement proper customer service procedures; set-up focus groups to enable and encourage employee feedback  · Planning and Implementation A Holistic Approach (Word count for Marketing Plan 2,562) Evaluation Report 15 Role of Marketing marketing planning in responding to a change in the external environment Dialog as a organization needs to understand that the marketing environment is dynamic which will constantly change and quick adaptation to such changes is important to succeed in business position Dialog GSM as a leader in the market ,Here with I have highlighted role of marketing planning process on how dialog GSM can respond to such market changes . Marketing planning in responding to a change in the external environment Marketing Planning process In context of changing environment to Dialog GSM Situation Analysis Conduct a Marketing Audit to identify the opportunities threat, identify a response profile which to response to Current situation is an opportunity to enter new market which will help Dialog GSM to get more revenue build the subscriber base , to cater such opportunity Dialog GSM needs to make a aggressive response profile how it will target the new market customers and what kin of strategies the could build towards the significance demand Objective Objectives are based on the assessment on the environment change , are they achievable to the given change Based on the opportunities identified , Dialog GSM needs to have a set of SMART objectives to achieve the strategic goal to the identified environment change Such objectives could be * To increase of 3-4 Million potential subscribers * Opening of new outlets * Increase awareness for Dialog GSM products Strategy Changing environment will influence the strategic options to take Based on the objectives set , Dialog GSM needs to identify strategic options of achieving the corporate objective Such strategy could be to * Opening of new outlets in new market shut down non profitable outlets Target At this stage where Dialog GSM plans for action plan of achieving to the identified objective Tactical Implementation Environment will impact on the way the marketing plan is put into practice Dialog GSM needs to plan for an operational plan for the implementation progress , as environment changes are dynamic need for an contingency plan is also vital Control Evaluation Progress review will also dictate the environment change Evaluation of a marketing plan is important for Dialog GSM to evaluate the achievement against the objectives set initially , Evaluation will help to redefine future plans and give alternative corrections McDonald Drummond (2005-2008) also goes on to say that organization needs a strategic marketing plan in order to adapt to changing business environment. Organization must continue to adopt develop if they to be successful in the market Marketing plan should provide systematic framework with which to analyze the market place supply a well defined way to perusing strategic goals, McDonald also goes onto says the marketing planning is necessary because of * Increasing turbulence, competency, complexity competitiveness * Speed of technical changes * Need to sustain competitive advantage * Need for non marketing functions to get support * Need for subordinates to get resources, gain commitment Drummond summarizes for the reasons for planning as follows * Adopting the change * Resource allocation * Consistency * Integration * Communication * Control 16 Process of undertaking the marketing audit identified issues of information gathering and analysis Marketing auditis identified as an essential part of an efficient marketing planning process. It is a very important process that is not only carried out at the begging but also at regular intervals during the actual marketing planning process. Amarketing audithas a lot of influence upon the marketing planning process through the various external and internal factors. (Failan Salem 2009) illustrated process undertaking a marketing audit is showed in the following diagram Dialog GSM annually appoints a market research auditor from AC Neilson on once a year basis in order to conduct the Marketing Audit for the external internal Markets of the telecommunication industry. Through the market research key opportunities threats impacting on the Dialog GSM will be identified to make strategic actions Marketing Audit will help Dialog GSM determine how well the marketing initiatives are working, as well as to identify the most urgent marketing challenges: * From a historical perspective, what has and has not worked? * From a current perspective, what is and is not going well? * From a future perspective, what changes are needed so that your marketing and promotional efforts are going in the right As a next step detailed information is gathered prior to analyzing the Micro Macro level audit. During the marketing audit the auditor interviews asks various questions from groups such as * Dialog GSM Customers * Dialog GSM Staff * Media * Retailers * Other Stake holders Key Questions are asked from the above groups by the auditor in the following fields. * Accomplishments: What have Dialog GSM done well in the past? * Disappointments: What did not happen as planned? * Critical Actions: To improve results what needs to be done the same/differently next year? For each question above, consider the following: 1. Markets * What changes are happening in the environment which could have an impact on the Sales? 2. Customers * How does Dialog Marketing performance compare to competitors? * What kind of products featues customers wants that will help differentiate our company from others? 3. Competitors * Who are Dialog GSM major competitors in the market what are their strengths and weaknesses? 4. Environment * What are the changes happening from a variety of perspectives, such as Politics, Socio-cultural, demographics, technology? 5. Marketing systems * Are we achieving short- and long- marketing objectives? * What training or support is needed to Dialog staff? * Does everyone understand the marketing goals and various activities within the organization? * What changes should be made to improve the results from our marketing and/or PR agencies? 6. Review of marketing activities * What are our main products and how well is marketing supporting them? * What are our main marketing activities? * How effective are we in implementing our marketing activities? 7. Distribution * Compared to competitors, how are our prices? * How well are we supporting our distributors? * Distributers commitment towards Dialog GSM? 8. Sales * How well are marketing and sales aligned on key initiatives? * What can be done so that marketing can best support the sales organization 9. Advertising * Does advertising support the marketing objective of the brand? * Are key messages getting across to the target audience? * Are the themes and visuals used effectively understood by customers potential customers? 10. Publicity * Is our PR program effective? * How well are Dialog GSM PR initiatives helping our Marketing objective? 11. Promotions * Are our promotions well conceived, well implemented and effective? * Are we responding to our customers needs in a language they understand? 12. Online * Does our website also reflect the branding of the company and products? * What key initiatives are needed to develop online business? The information collected by interviews questions asked from various segments is then analyzed for PESTEL analysis, Porters 5 Forces analysis , SWOT Analysis It is also important that AC Neilson

System PIR Detector

System PIR Detector In my design i would be designing an alarm system which would have three possible forms of sensing in order to prevent crime and for protection, having a combination of a systems that can be used to prevent a home and the industrial areas as well ,which would be able to detect, motion, smoke and heat along to protect the home and making use of arduino in order to implement the working of the systems. 2.1 Proximity Sensor These are sensor that can on there own detect objects or obstructions on their path or way without physical contact, they often emit electron beam and detects or notice changes in the field or environment, proximity sensor targets or demand different sensors, a capacitive or a photoelectric sensor or an inductive proximity sensor can also be used which might require a metal target ,looking at capacitive proximity sensor the object in question changes the dielectric constant between the two plates within a range in some cases which is relatively close to water, because sudden changes in capacitance of objects sometimes takes relatively long time to switch range within the 50Hertz,a normal capacitive proximity sensor do have about 10-12mm sensing range and about 30 mm in diameter, in most cases setting the output of a proximity sensor is quite difficult, hence proximity sensor designers always add hysteresis, excitation voltage etc.most capacitance proximity sensor can make measurement s in 100u sec with resolution of 10⠁ ¶,probes put into use in capacitive proximity sensor have either flat disc or rectangular sensing element, the main advantage of capacitive proximity sensor is that they are mostly unaffected by containers, allowing them to be replaced by optical devices. 2.2 Passive infrared sensor (PIR). In most security systems ,motion is required to be detected in a monitored environment, in most cases the passive infrared motion sensor is preferred to detect changes and upon detection motion sensors generally transmit a notification or indication to the systems host then an intrusion or activation of an alarm system to perform various operations ,in order to monitor a large space with only one or two detector ,most PIR sensor is designed with numerous optical components (mirror or lenses) then each component of such compound optics focuses the infrared radiation from objects within a respective sub-volume of the monitored space into an image appearing over the detector then monitored sub-volume can be interleaved with non-monitored sub-volumes and then radiation producing target (human) passing from the sub-volume to sub-volume causes a target radiation or background radiation /target radiation pattern in detector for humans the pattern leads to a change in the IR radiation in det ector . For PIR sensor there is the need to reduce false alarms and then minimizing processing requirement ,the PIR sensor using a minimal number of detector could generate false alarm from time to time ,definitely a radiation of wavelength outside the required micron band as a result false alarm would triggered in order to reduce false alarms from triggering ,optical filters could be added as detector windows to screen out white light and IR light then coating for mirrors and additives for lenses would be added to prevent focusing of white and near infrared light on detectors hence reducing the chances of motion ,PIR sensor producing false alarms when detectors include pairs of equally sized elements of opposing polarities, Non focused out of band radiation is equally incident on both elements ,then causing signals from equal and opposite elements to roughly cancel one another ,equal elements of opposite polarity reduce false alarms from shock and temperature change, there are chances that PIR sensors can be improved upon to reject interferences and determination of motion direction and detecting a moving object in a monitored space from a non-moving object characterized by non-constant radiation includes receiving a first frequency from the first passive PIR detector then receiving the second frequency from a second passive IR detector, hence the first and second frequencies not being equal ,this method involves outputting a signal are received simultaneously then signal indicate the presence of object is not output. The PIR (passive infrared Red) is a low cost PIR detector used for motion or human detection which can be a simple pyroelectric detector because the detector can be a significant part of the cost (5-10%) of a typical PIR motion sensor, most PIR motion sensor would only employ just one or two of such detectors ,normally the human body radiates infrared waves ranging between 8 to 12 micrometers, as a result should anyone move in any direction ,there will be a change in the quantity of infrared energy providing a low frequency and small amplitude signal, there are possibilities that the same signal can be amplified and decoded using microcontroller, ideally PIR sensor can detect changes in the quantity of infrared energy in small ranges of distance approximately 10-13 inches, in order to detect motions at larger distance, infrared radiation will have to be focused, the focusing is done with the use of a Fresnel lens in most cases usually divide the whole area into different zones hence any movement within the zones already divided into will certainly lead to a change in the infrared energy received by the sensor, Fresnel lenses depends on the range (distance) and basically coverage angle looking at volumetric lenses and certain then the PIR sensor unit will then decide whether the infrared light is from a warm moving body or not ,it is always a lot better when PIR sensor could have one or more inner sensing elements so that with relevant electronics and Fresnel lens, it could sense direction from up to down and right to left and show required output signal. 2.2.1 Uses of PIR Sensor They are basically used for automatic security lightning say when human moves across its path or view or sensor for instance a floodlight is switched on automatically and left on for a fixed period of time say 90 seconds and can provide light when you arrive at home. 2.2.2 Advantages of PIR PIR sensor does not require any form of maintenance, however should in case of any form of fault, it can be easily replaced so for optimum performance, it is advisable to remove any accumulated dust with low power cleaners. 2.2.3 Weakness of PIR sensor. PIR sensor do have its own limitation and these limitations in a way does let it work properly.PIR sensor would not detect stationery or slowly moving body or object in most cases the environment change in terms of cooling off of a nearby wall could actually activate the sensitivity of a sensor and when someone walk straight pass or towards a PIR it would not detect them until close by, they are actually temperature sensitive and work optimally at ambient air temperature of around 16-21 degrees celcius,in most cases when the temperature raises is about 32 degrees ,the field of view narrows and the sensor becomes less sensitive and vice-versa should the temperature drop below 12 degrees, the field view widens up and smaller or more at a distance object might activate the sensor . 2.3 MULTIPLE PIR SENSOR CIRCUIT Situations or scenarios will arise that you would require to use one or more PIR sensor within a system, where one could be at the front and the other at the end or the rear, it is virtually not possible to join them together the output from more than one PIR sensor, in a case like this an AND gate logic is deployed, in logic high voltage is shown by 1 and low voltage by 0 hence the output from a PIR sensor upon detecting motion shows 0 and is 1,the rest of the time, we want an output of 0 when either of the PIR sensor is output is 0,that can be shown in the truth table below . PIR # 1 PIR # 2 PIR # 1 PIR # 2 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 These truth table is exactly the same as that for an AND gate, basically a logic device that gives an output of 1 only when its two output are both 1, the basic symbol for an AND gate is below. In order to make use of the output signal from a PIR sensor we would need to invert it turn a 12v output to 0 v and a 0 v output into 12v,when motion is detected by a PIR sensor, the 0 v sensor signal is inverted to 12v signal . 2.3.1 NAND GATE Looking at putting two or more PIR sensor together in a circuit, it is not required to put PIR sensor signals through an AND gate ,then through a NOT gate rather i would use a NAND gate, the truth table for it could be seen below . PIR # 1 PIR # 2 PIR # 1 PIR # 2 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 Setting the signal of the sensor from two or more PIR sensor through a NAND gate will result to a 12v output unless both PIR sensor signal is 12v in a case where neither is detected in terms of motion then the output is 0v that is what we need. The basic diagram of an NAND gate can be seen below How NAND gate is physically connected to a PIR sensor in a circuit, AND gates could be gotten from integrated circuits with the 4000 series applicable to the 12 volt DC system as shown below, the schematic diagram of a Quad 2 input NAND gate with chip 4 NAND gates, each collecting two inputs, that can be seen in the diagram below. The maximum output current from the 4000 series is about 4 to 10 mA, slightly enough to light an LED, hence we might require it to amplified through a transistor so that it can power light couple of hundred mA or perhaps energise a coil of a relay, below a schematic diagram showing how the PIR sensor output could be put through a NAND gate and the result amplified through a transistor (NPN). In conclusion as regards to motion detection,PIR sensor is the most sensitive and advanced option that i am aware of and their light options makes it ideal for security systems . 2.4 Arduino The arduino platform is based on making things work using simple electronics, it is all about tinkering and creating something with the board with its functions defined below. Just above is the diagram of the arduino board and what each element of the board does will be defined below as well. 14 Digital IO (pins 0-13,) can be inputs or outputs as set in software 6 Analogue out (pins 0-5) are dedicated analogue input pins, these take analogue values (voltage readings) and convert it to numbers between 0 and 1023. 3 Analogue out (pins 9, 10, 11) this is just 3 of the digital pins and can be reassigned to do analogue output. The board could be powered through the USB port or from any power socket around, this arrangement could be changed with a jumper marked SV1 in the diagram, if the jumper is closest to the USB plug then the board is powered from there but if the jumper is on 2 pins closest to the DC connector then it is powered from there. 2.5 Interaction Design The essence of interactive design is all about creativity, being able to express your own design in a form of experience to create something between humans and artifacts, making designs through an interactive process based on prototypes of ever increasing fidelity, there are chances that design in future could be extended to include phototypes in technology with reference to electronics, basically interacting with each other as long as humans have been a species, so having interactive design has been applied to development of different solutions, creating or exploring ideals between human and technology, it involves creating products and systems which users can interact with individually, in order to achieve the ideals that you would like to realize within complex technology, systems making use of basic or simple electronics components like software packages and mobile devices, which can be applicable to several other devices and services, since interactive design defines behaviour t hough some principles of cognitive psychology shows how prepared the ground is for interactive design in terms of mental models and mapping etc and there are chances of creating human computer interaction (HCI),which is the methods of describing and testing the usability of communicating with interfaces, in most cases design are emphasized in users goals and experience, one of the essence of interactive design is to improve usability then the experience of the end product by understanding what is required to implement the design in question, after a system on has been designed by getting users involved on frequent basics, only then will designers be able to optimize and properly tailor the usability, it is quite an essence that the users that the designer is designing for is fully aware of the system capabilities from the onset in order to contain expectations from users, interactive design makes use of various photo type techniques to check variety of areas of design, ideas could b e grouped into three, testing the role of the artifact itself ,test of its implementation ,prototype could be physical or digital ,high or low fidelity . 2.6 Physical Computing In previous years making use of basic electronics makes dealing with engineers always kept systems designers from playing directly or indirectly with the medium, almost all tools require good understanding and was meant for engineers, physical computing involves putting together interactive physical components making use of software and hardware components and then having to get a respond the analog settings, could be reffered to as a framework to understand human relationship with the digital world, system using sensor and microcontroller to actualize analog input to a software system and to control several mechanical devices such as motors etc and variety of hardware applications, physical computing is used in various areas and applications making interesting link between the physical world and computer world, understanding the way or pattern in which humans communicate putting their expressions within their design, mini computers like the microcontroller have become cheap and easi er allowing the making of better tools and the arduino making use of the physical computing and system designer getting to know the elementary of electronics and get to know that you can construct phototypes with little investment . 2.7 SERIAL COMMUNICATION. Looking at the arduino diagram below, the USB connection that is used by the IDE to pass across codes into the processor and exciting news is that the connection will be used by programmer to communicate with the arduino to send data back to the computer and receive commands from it. 2.8 Bread board From the diagram below what a bread board looks like can be seen, it is just a plastic board filled up with holes and each contains spring loaded contact and component required leg could be put into the holes, each hole is about 2.53 mm distance from each other and then all components have their own legs, though not all contact on the board are equally created, the top and bottom row are connected horizontally and are used to carry power across the board so when power is required, there is always a hole or gap in the middle as wide as a chip, showing the vertical line of holes so pin will not be short circuited ,the essence of the breadboard is to allow you to alter connections between components in the fastest and most practical and non destructive way possible. 2.9 MICROCONTROLLER The micro controller are constantly used in automatically controlled products and devices, they fit into design well because of one of its advantages which is low power consumption, they consume relatively low power in mill watts and do have the ability to sleep when waiting for an input like pressing a button before it carrys out the operation so while sleeping it might be using just nanowatts,the micro controller allows you to integrate additional elements like read-write memory for data storage ,peripheral devices and input/output interfaces ,they also operate at very low speed compared to todays microprocessors. 2.10 Driving Bigger Loads The pins of an arduino board will only power devices that use up to 20 milliamps, though that is quite small which barely light an LED, trying to drive some else with far much more power will definitely stop the systems from working and definitely burn out the processor, in order to drive larger loads like coils etc, an external component that can switch such things ON and OFF by an arduino pin, a mosfet transistor will be required, which is an electronic switch that can be seen that the motor takes its power system having different power supply from the one used by arduino which is purely an advantage and the mosfet connected to pin 9 . 2.11 Analogue Input circuit could be reffered to as quantized electrical signal with a certain range and can generated by a sensor and received by a controller it changes constantly a definite manner in relation to a property, analogue signals produced by some sensors could be conditioned by converting higher-level standard signal which would be transmitted over wires to the receiving controller. Analogue inputs are converted to digital signals by the analogue to digital converter, in most cases located at the controller, in most cases limited to a small range of DC voltage. The three type of analogue input signals are current, resistance, voltages used in controls are within 1-5 volts and direct convert (VDC), 2-10 VDC as regards to current the 4-20 MA signal has become the industry standard convert signal for use with analogue and digital controllers, resistance are mostly associated with direct inputs from temperature sensing devices. A basic circuit diagram below is a typical example of analogue inp uts configurations. The arduino can sense voltage out across to one or any of its pins and shows it through digital real functions, this is used by the arduino in lots of applications, in most cases we need to know exactly what the amount of voltage we are putting across, hence in order to determine the exact voltage across and we would need a different type of pin. The lower right part of the arduino board has 6 sets of pins marked analogue in. These set of pins would not only tell u the voltage applied to them or not but also its value making use of the analogue read function. Voltage applied to one of the set of pins can be read using the scale, the function returns a number between 0 and 1023 representing voltages between 0 and 5 volts, hence if a voltage of 2.5 volts is applied to pin 0. The analogue read (0) will return 512 etc, hence constructing a circuit using 10k or 4.7k resistor and putting the codes through. You find the lead blinking at the rate that depends on the amount of light that hits it. 2.12 Pulse Width Modulation Pulse width modulation of the power source or signal involves the modulation of its duty cycle to carry messages over a communication link or rather control the amount of power sent to a load,PWM makes use of square wave, whose pulse width is constantly modulated resulting in variation of average value of the waveform, the best method to generate PWM signal is intersective method which requires a saw tooth or a triangle waveform which can be generated PWM signals e.g. micro controller, making use of a counter that increments periodically connected directly or indirectly to the clock of the circuit and sets back after the end of every period of PWM, there are three types of PWM signals -(leading edge modulation) the pulse lead edge can be held at the lead edge of the window and tail edge (trailing edge modulation) the pulse center may be fixed in the center of time window and both edges of the pulse moved to compress or expand the width. -the tail edge can be fixed and lead edge modulated. PWM could be used to reduce the total amount of power delivered to a load without losses due to the fact that the average power delivered is proportional to modulation duty cycle, PWM are used in controlling electrical power supply to other system like speed control in electric motors, PWM is used in efficient voltage regulators by switching voltage to the load with required duty cycle In conclusion the PWM is a way of digitally encoding analog signal level the diagram below shows the three possible PWM signals, the first figure showing the PWM outputs at 10% duty cycle and the other figures showing the PWM outputs at 50% and 90% duty cycle respectively, hence the three PWM outputs encode three different analog signal values at 10%, 50% and 90% of the full strength, the supply is 7v and the duty cycle is 10%, a 0.7 v analog signal result. Below a simple Pulse Width Modulation circuit can be shown. References. http://www.reuk.co.uk/Multiple-PIR-Sensor-Circuits.htm http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_infrared_sensor 3. http://www.sensors-transducers.machinedesign.com/guiedits/content/bdeee4/bdeee4_7.aspx 4. http://www.freepatentsonline.com/6163025.html 5. http://www.arduino.cc/en/Main/Policy 6. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interaction_design 7. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical_computing 8. http://www.ddc-online.org/inout/inout_chapt01_analogin.aspx 9. http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/How-To/PWM-Pulse-Width-Modulation 10. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microcontroller 11. Arduino booklet (2002), Massimo banzi, Erica calogero, David Guartielles, Jeff Gray, Tom Igoe, David Mellis 12. Barr .Michael, embedded systems Programming, September 2001, pp. 103-104 13. Making things talk: Practical Methods for Connecting Physical Objects by Tom Igoe (Paperback -September 28, 2007) 14. Physical Computing: sensing and controlling the physical world with computers by Tom Igoe, Dan O Sullivan. Thomson Course Technology, Boston, Massachusetts, May 2004