Domestic Violence Is A Coercive Behavior That Involves

Domestic Violence is a coercive behavior that involves a physical, psychological or sexual attack perpetrated by individuals against their partner or former partner. Examples include physical abuse, for instance, slapping, beating, and strangulation among others. Sexual assault includes threats, forceful sexual acts, and use of physical force. Psychological abuse may involve excessive jealousy, intimidation, harassment or stalking among others. In the United States, 20 people are physically abused every minute, 20,800 cases are reported daily in hotlines and majority of the victims are females aged between 18-24 years (National Coalition against Domestic Violence, 2015). Issues pertaining to violence at home are regarded as a societal†¦show more content†¦Floyd Mayweather, a high paying boxer has been accused of domestic abuse on many occasions, but the news is always stifled because of his fame. He disagreed with his wife on child support in 2001 and swung a car door at her that hit her on the head and went ahead to punch her three times (Holter, 2015). It is unfortunate that World Boxing Federation does not have clear regulations that restrict players from committing violence at home. There is a misconception that athletes and footballers are prone to domestic violence. According to the National Coalition against Violent Athletes, there have been 19% incidents of sexual abuse, and 35% accounts of domestic violence by athletes declared in college campuses at any given time (Woods, 2015). According to statistics, the NFL had the highest arrests of the perpetrators of abuse with 2014 recording 2,466 arrests, the NBA at 2, 157, Baseball at 553 and lastly Hockey at 175 (Tracy, 2014). The difference between domestic violence at home and in sports is that in the former, the abuse may be endured in silence since there is no empowerment to speak up against it. They might also have been intimidated and threatened that in case they report they might be harmed or even killed. In sports, it often involves professionals, and the spouse intends to shame them for their heinous crime. There are mechanisms put in place to report such cases which make it easier for them. However, there are also partners who areShow MoreRelatedDomestic Violence At Affordable Price Please Use Custom Research Paper1276 Words   |  6 PagesDomestic Violence Research Paper This sample domestic violence research paper is published for educational and informational purposes only. Free research papers, are not written by our writers, they are contributed by users, so we are not responsible for the content of this free sample paper. If you want to buy a high quality research paper on domestic violence at affordable price please use custom research paper writing services. This sample research paper on domestic violence features: 7200+Read MoreWhat Is Intimate Partner Violence?1351 Words   |  6 PagesIntimate Partner Violence? If one has not lived through it, the meaning is unknown. When we hear the term, we tend to picture a woman covered in bruises. In reality, the damage is much worse. There is many long term effects that run deeper than the physical injuries (Giardino, 2010). Victims experience shame, isolation, detrimental physical and mental health consequences and financial stressor. This also causes dramatic effects on the families of the victims. This violence also affects theRead MoreDomestic Violence Related Crime Throughout West Virginia1208 Words   |  5 PagesDomestic violence is a universal problem that can affect an individual of any age, gender, race, education level, social class, or culture. This type of violence is considered to be one of the most widespread public health crises in the United States (Black et al., 2011) . The purpose of this essay is to create a plan for a program that addresses domestic violence-related crime in West Virginia. To begin, significant information in relation to domestic violence will be provided. This will be followedRead MoreChildren And Domestic Violence Negatively Affects Children s Health And Development Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesexposure to domestic violence negatively affects children’s health and development. Millions of children are exposed to domestic violence on a daily. 3.3-10 million children are exposed to domestic violence annually (Wilson Pg.9). Many children’s futures are affected by the things they witness. Majority of what they witness alters they’re outlook on many situations that occur. There’s no secret that domestic violence has been around for decades. The first serious known case of domestic violence that actuallyRead MoreDomestic Violence and Children1640 Words   |  7 PagesDefinitions Domestic Violence Defined Citation: ARS: 13-3601 Domestic violence includes: • Any act that is a dangerous crime against children • Endangerment • Threatening or intimidating act • Assault • Custodial interference • Unlawful imprisonment or kidnaping • Criminal trespass • Harassment or stalking • Child or vulnerable adult abuse Persons Included in Definition: • A spouse or former spouse • Persons residing or having resided in the same household • Persons having a childRead MoreEmotional Abuse Therapy Assignment Outline1616 Words   |  7 Pageswe should focus on helping them to develop self-compassion for their guilt and an understanding of the behaviors that they are doing, that is allowing the abuser such control over their lives. By combining cognitive behavioral therapy, somatic therapy and group therapy, studies have shown that clients not take control of their current situation but are much more capable of spotting abusive behavior in their future relationships both personally and professionally (Tracy, 2016). Keywords: emotionalRead MoreCommunity Intervention Against Domestic Abuse899 Words   |  4 PagesAgainst Domestic Abuse Shalva organization is an ongoing community invention organization in Chicago. It is working to effect social change for domestic abused women in Jewish communities. Domestic abuse (also known as spousal abuse) is when a partner in an intimate relationship manipulate the other partner by a systematic pattern of coercive behavior. There are multiple forms of domestic abuse such as verbal, emotional, financial, sexual, physical, and psychological. To combat domestic violence againstRead MoreCan Witnessing or Experiencing Domestic Violence Be Linked to Bullying in Adolescents?1632 Words   |  7 PagesBeing in a domestic violence ordeal of my own and have been bullied almost all of my life, I have come to ask myself why anyone can abuse someone that they say they love or how bullies can hurt people like they do. Whether physically, emotionally, or mentally this happens all the time now-a-days in our society. Numerous news reports about couples getting into fights or even killing a sign ificant other or spouse and how children have committed suicide because they can’t take the hurt of a bully anyRead MoreTerrorism from Above vs.Terrorism from Below1236 Words   |  5 Pagesdeniability when accused of sponsoring terrorism. Because of these parameters a distinction must be made between state patronage and assistance. State patronage for terrorism refers to either participation and/or encouragement of terrorism and terrorist behavior. It basically means that the state, through agencies and personnel, takes part in terrorism. The state enacts policies that start terrorist acts as well as other covert activities, which include arming, training, and providing sanctuary for terroristsRead MorePrimary, Secondary, and Tertiary Nursing Care for Domestic Violence1427 Words   |  6 PagesRunning head: Nursing Interventions to Combating Domestic Violence Domestic Violence: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Nursing Interventions Jason Holt, RN Grand Canyon University NRS429V Diana Anderson, RN, MSNEd, CMSRN August 27, 2010 Domestic Violence: Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Nursing Interventions Approximately 2 million American women are assaulted each year at the hands of their intimate partner and an estimated 1,200 are murdered as a result of intimate partner abuse (Black

Herbal medicine is the traditional medical practice and...

Herbal medicine is the traditional medical practice and it’s an important part of medicine to this day. To treat different ailments there are various indigenous systems such as Siddha, Ayurveda, Unani and Allopathy use differnt plant species1. Allopathic medicine is a system of medicine that focuses primarily on reacting disease rather than on promoting health. The use of herbal medicine is popular due to toxicity and side effects of allopathic medicines. Cancer is presently responsible for about 25% of all deaths in US and other developed countries. On a yearly basis, 0.5% of the population is diagnosed with cancer. It can be treated with chemotherapy, immunotherapy, targeted therapies etc., but all these have side effects and that†¦show more content†¦are used for cancer treatment but those are highly expensive due to less abundance of plants and very less amount of active constituent from plants like 500 mg vincristine from 5 kg vinca. So an indigenous drug, Sansevieria roxburghiana is selected for anti cancer activity as it is reported to have cytotoxicity in brine shrimp lethality assay18 and anti-cancer activity against Ehrlich ascites carcinoma in mice20. There are no investigations, so far, on the activity of extract to the active molecule level. The present proposal is aimed to fill this gap and validate the active fraction/s responsible for anticancer activities by established methodology. 2. Literature survey: Cancer is a class of diseases or disorders characterized by uncontrolled cell proliferation and tissue invasion or metastasis of abnormal cell in the body. This unregulated growth is caused by damage to DNA. This leads to mutations in genes that encoding proteins for controlling cell division5. Cancer is a dreadful human disease, and it kills annually about 3500 per million populations around the world. Oral cancer is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in India6. In 2008 IARC reported 12.7 million new cancer cases7 and 14.1 million new cancer cases in 2012 worldwide. The major goal in the development of anticancer drugs is improving the therapeutic activity and selectivity. Plant-derived agents act by modulating various signaling pathways in cancer cells. Some of theShow MoreRelatedThe Common Health Tradition Of Different Cultures Based On Cultural Heritage1162 Words   |  5 PagesThis paper examines the common health tradition of three different cultures based on cultural heritage and how these families in America subscribe to these traditions and practices. The necessary plan for health maintenance, protection and restoration will be developed based on the health needs of these families. The findings will be based on a heritage assessment of three different families within the New York area; Guyanese, Indian (Sikh) and African (Nigerian). â€Å"Traditional medicine has a broadRead MoreTraditional Chinese Medicine Essay1141 Words   |  5 PagesOne important aspect of Chinese culture is Traditional Chinese Medicine, also known as TCM. Chinese medicine has been around for quite awhile, and is still around today. In the United States, we see it as acupuncture and massage. TCM is still widely popular in its home country where it is still practiced as it was a few centuries ago. Chinese medicine is evolving to our modern day times, but it is keeping close ties to its roots. Chinese medicine is also becoming more affluent in different parts ofRead MoreNative American Medicine Essay738 Words   |  3 PagesNative American Medicine If you were in the desert or woods and bitten by a snake, where you go for help? A call to the local ambulance and a fast ride to the emergency room are not available to you. How would you know what potions to use and what would heal your wounds? This was the dilemma of the Native American People hundreds of years ago. How did they handle it? The medical traditions and customs have remained a mystery to us for hundreds of years. This paper will try to explore someRead More Eastern and Western Medicine Essay4247 Words   |  17 PagesEastern and Western Medicine The complex structure and foreign nature of Tibetan medicine makes it difficult to relate its practices to Western medicine, making it difficult to determine the clinical efficacy of Eastern medical practice. Several clinical analysis studies have recently been performed in order to determine the efficacy of the â€Å"holistic† practices of Eastern cultures. Whether the studies show Eastern or Western practices to be more effective, I believe that the most effectiveRead MoreAlternative Medicine Essay 112355 Words   |  10 PagesAlternative Medicine Throughout recorded history, people of various cultures have relied on what Western medical practitioners today call alternative medicine. The term alternative medicine covers a broad range of healing philosophies, approaches, and therapies. It generally describes those treatments and health care practices that are outside mainstream Western health care. People use these treatments and therapies in a variety of ways. Alternative therapies usedRead MoreWhat Is Herbal Medicine - Research Paper3363 Words   |  14 PagesWhat is herbal medicine? Herbal medicine -- also called botanical medicine or phytomedicine -- refers to using a plants seeds, berries, roots, leaves, bark, or flowers for medicinal purposes. Herbalism has a long tradition of use outside of conventional medicine. It is becoming more mainstream as improvements in analysis and quality control along with advances in clinical research show the value of herbal medicine in the treating and preventing disease. What is the history of herbal medicine? PlantsRead MoreModern Medicine, Traditional Medicine And Complementary And / Or Alternative Medicine1517 Words   |  7 PagesScientific Medicine, Traditional Medicine and Complementary and/or Alternative Medicine. Western Scientific Medicine Definition: A system in which medical doctors and other healthcare professionals (such as nurses, pharmacists, and therapists) treat symptoms and diseases using drugs, radiation, or surgery. Also allopathic medicine, biomedicine, conventional medicine, mainstream medicine, and orthodox medicine. Traditional Medicine Definition: The sum total of knowledge, skills and practices basedRead MoreAlternative Medicine : Modern Medicine1321 Words   |  6 PagesParth Patel Spiritual Healers Alternative medicine has grown in great popularity among third world countries. Where modern medicine can often be impossible or just out of financial reach, people have some to seek other methods of healing. Though curing the common sickness is not the only thing spiritual healers have claimed to have the cure for, it’s a big interest to many people all around the world. Across many countries all around the globe long passed on traditions and ceremonies are beingRead MoreEssay on Heritage Assessment Tool1734 Words   |  7 PagesAssessment Tool Kacey McIntee Grand Canyon University Family Centered Health Promotion NRS-429V Jane Parkman December 21, 2012 The Heritage Assessment Tool   The uprising of diversified communications has caused the combination of differing cultures. This suggests that dissimilar cultures are no not restricted to geographical boundaries. The noteworthy social drive worldwide has elevated apprehension over tailored health care. It is vital that the cultural backgrounds of a group have influential influencesRead MoreAppalachian Folk Remedies And Nursing Practices Essay1884 Words   |  8 PagesFolk Health Research Paper Appalachian Folk Remedies and Nursing Practices 12/2/16 Abstract Appalachian folk medicine is a system of healing made up of beliefs and practices that are transferred by oral tradition through families and communities. It was developed in response to a lack of access to modern medical care and combines homemade remedies with superstition and religious beliefs. A general definition of folk medicine is a collection of cures that are handed down by oral tradition

The Law Of Evidence - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 11 Words: 3326 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Biology Essay Type Research paper Did you like this example? Smooth muscle is one of three muscle fiber types found in animals. Unlike skeletal and cardiac muscle cells, smooth muscle cells are not striated, and have single nuclei. Smooth muscles are typically under control of the autonomic nervous system, and do not contract voluntarily. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The Law Of Evidence" essay for you Create order Smooth muscle contracts slowly, and does not exhibit the characteristic twitch seen in skeletal muscle. In addition, smooth muscle is not prone to muscle fatigue, making it an ideal component of sphincter muscles. Smooth muscle is found in the gastrointestinal tract of many animals, and is responsible for peristaltic movements. Smooth muscle contractions are affected by calcium and potassium ions. Calcium ion influx into the smooth muscle cell initiates a contraction. Potassium ion concentration in the extra cellular medium affects the resting membrane potential of the cell, bringing it closer to or farther away from its threshold voltage. Neurotransmitters affect different types of smooth muscle differently, depending on the association of the smooth muscle with excitable cells. In general, acetylcholine increases the muscle cells permeability to calcium, while epinephrine decreases the cells permeability to calcium. Introduction and aim of the experiment The following report was to test a smooth muscle which was collected from the intestine of a rabbit. The main of this experiment was to see how the surrounding environment of the muscle could affect how muscle contracted. The experiment consisted of different environments and the muscle was monitored and results were recorded of the amplitude and the frequency of the wavelengths. The levels of muscle contractions and relaxations were measured using a transducer, a D.C amplifier, and a laboratory computer. Overview of experiment The smooth muscle was a small part of the intestine which was prepared correctly by trimming off the attached mesentery and fat. This experiment only required one piece of this smooth muscle and this was then placed into a beaker which was aerated and fed Ringer-Locke solution this is an aqueous solution containing the chlorides of sodium and potassium and calcium that is isotonic to animal tissues. The experiment only required one piece of small intes tine, which had the length of 2-3 cm long. The intestine was held in place with a tissue holder, and was attached to the transducer via a piece of string. The transducer detected contractions and relaxation of the muscle, and via the D.C amplifier showed on the computer the frequency and strength of the contractions and relaxations. The solution that the muscle was placed in was kept at the temperature of 37 Celsius apart from when the environment condition changed was the temperature. This type of setup is known as in vivo preparation. This preparation of the smooth intestine allows a precise control of the environmental conditions. Brief description of test carried out The test which was carried out had six parts to it. The first part of the experiment was to gain initial control of the muscle this was done by having optimum conditions for the smooth muscle so it could achieve a steady rate of contraction and relaxation. This was achieved by adding Ringer-Locke solution and keeping it aerated. By having this set up it allowed the muscle environment to be very closely met to the ideal body environment where the muscle would have a good contraction and relaxation rate. The muscle was left in this preparation until the readings on the computer were constant (about 4 minutes) the initial control was labelled using the comment bar. The next environment was non-aerated this meant to turn the air supply off which was coming to the bath where the muscle was held. Then the Ringer-Locke solution was removed from the bath and fresh Ringer-Locke solution was then placed into the bath. The reason for removing the old solution was to prevent any inaccurate readings as the solution could still have contained oxygen which would have affected the results. This part of the test was recorded after every 5, 10, 15 minutes and the results where inserted into a table. The main purpose of using this environment was to see what the muscle contractions and relaxations are when there is a lack of oxygen. This part of the experiment was again labelled on the comment bar. The next part of the experiment was to remove the Ringer-Locke solution and replace it with 50ml of glucose free solution and again results were recorded after every 5 ,10, 15 minutes and recorded into a table. The fourth different environment was change in temperature. The Ringer-Locke solution of 37 Celsius was replaced with a Ringer-Locke solution that was cooled to 4 Celsius. The purpose of this environment was to test the muscle activity in a cold environment and to analyse the effects. The fifth environment involved the use of calcium free solution this replaced the Ringer-Locke solution. This was analysed for 5 minutes to see how the muscle activity was affected. The final environment was to do with changes in the pH. The pH was changed from pH7 which is neutral to a different pH. The solution with different pH was prepared before hand and the purpose of this environment was to see what effect a pH change would have on the muscle activity. After each part of the experiment initial control was established before moving on to the next part the reason for this being to keep the muscle running properly before each part of the experiment and to cause less damage to the smooth muscle. Also each part of the experiment was labelled on the comment bar this was done to show each different part clearly so it was not confused. (Clear methods are shown in the printouts) Results table for my experiment Firstly the results achieved ere done by looking at the different graphs and to work out the amplitude for the graph the following was done: Example (Graph not related to report) To work out the amplitude of the graph recording two figures were recorded one being the peak of the wave and the other being the lowest part of the wave To work out the frequency for each part of the experiment the amount of waves were recorded in a minute time period. The frequency in this case was how many times the muscles contracted and relaxed in a minutes. The amplitude was the strength of each contraction and relaxing of the muscle. The maximum and minimum amplitudes were collected for each environment and recorded; the amplitude chosen was picked at random as well as the minute where the frequency of waves was calculated. These are results are shown in the table below: Environments Frequency per Minute (min-1) Amplitude 1 Amplitude 2 Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Initial control 15 2.10 0.78 1.96 0.65 Non aerated 5 Mins 13 1.94 0.47 1.89 0.38 Non aerated 10 Mins 17 1.53 0.36 1.51 0.38 Non aerated 15 Mins 16 1.58 0.38 1.54 0.36 Lack of glucose 5 mins 17 1.34 0.47 1.49 0.41 Lack of glucose 10 mins 17 1. 51 0.43 1.52 0.45 Lack of glucose 15 mins 17 1.37 0.45 1.43 0.46 Cold ringer solution 5 Mins 14 1.76 0.44 1.73 0.51 Calcium Lack 5 Mins 12 1.15 0.63 .95 0.47 Change of pH Flat No waves Discussion of results Firstly a diagram of the intestine is needed to show how it works and what different types of cells it contains. This is needed as it will help to understand why the muscle behaved differently when tested with six different environments. A diagram of the small intestine is shown below; The small intestine contains the 4 basic layers which are serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. Small intestine wall is composed of the same four layers that make up most of the gastrointestinal tract: serosa, muscularis, submucosa, and mucosa. The mucosa is composed of a layer of epithelium, lamina propria, and muscularis mucosae. The epithelial layer of the small intestinal musoca consists of simple columnar epithelium that contains many types of cells. Some of these are the following: Enetrocytes these help with the transport of substances from lumen of the intestine to the circulatory system, synthesis of the glycoprotein enzymes needed for terminal digestion and absorption. Gob let cells these are unicellular mucin also known as secreting glands. Paneth cells these are located at the bottom of the intestinal glands. Their main function is their secretion of granules which contain lysozyme this enzyme helps breakdown bacteria also known as phagocytosis. Paneth cells may have a role in regulating the microbial population in the small intestine. Enteroendocrine cells these are mostly found again in the lower parts of the intestinal gland known as the crypt. The main function of these cells is to release several hormones. The main one beings cholecystokinin, secretin and gastric inhibitory peptide these help increase pancreatic and gallbladder activity. Intermediate cells these are young enterocytes and goblet cell which are able to withstand cell division. Apart from the smooth muscle many other cells and vessels make up the intestine. The small intestine also contains submucosal artery and vein, lymphatic vessel, submucosal plexus, circular l ayer of smooth muscle, and myenteric plexus. All these tissues, cells, and vessel combine to make the small intestine wall. The smooth muscle in the control environment was able to obtain a steady frequency through out its 4 minute period with 15 waves per minute. The waves which were seen were the smooth muscle contracting and relaxing. The amplitude levels of the waves were both quite high showing strong contractions rate the reason for this was that the environment set was to ideal conditions where the muscle could perform its best. It had a max amplitude of 2.10 and min amplitude of 0.78 which shows that having ideal conditions the muscle is able to behave normally without any problems. The effect of oxygen lack of the smooth muscle cause the small intestine to increase the frequency, at 5 minutes no aerated the frequency had first dropped to 13 and after 15 minutes the frequency of contraction and relaxations had increased to 17 the reason or this being without oxygen the smooth muscles started to have spasms as it was unable to contract properly without the oxygen supply needed. Also the amplitude levels decreased quite quickly from 1.94 (max) and 0.47(min) at 5 minutes to 1.58(max) and 0.38 (min) at 15 minutes. The reason for this was that without oxygen the muscle was unable to make the energy needed for strong contractions as the peak is lowered as can be seen on the traces. This was detected by the pull on the string that was attached to the transducer; the pull was not as strong so this was recorded on the traces. So without oxygen the muscle cells are still able to make ATP but a small amount. Only about 2 ATP are produced per molecule of glucose in glycolysis. If there is no oxygen present, the Pyruvate produced in glycolysis undergoes fermentation to regenerate the NAD+ used in glycolysis. This is known as anaerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration generates only two ATPs, and lactic acid is produced. Most lactic acid diffuses out of the cell and into the bloodstream and is subsequently absorbed by the liver. Some of the lactic acid remains in the muscle fibers, where it contributes to muscle fatigue. Because both the liver and muscle fibers must convert the lactic acid back to pyruvic acid when oxygen becomes available, anaerobic respiration is said to produce oxygen debt The next part of the experiment was to test how the muscle activity differed when placed in glucose free solution. From this part of the test the frequency of muscle activity stayed consistent throughout the 15 minutes. The traces show consistent movement and also the amplitudes levels differed as at 5 minutes (1.34) the maximum amplitude was low then at 10 minutes (1.51) it wet higher and at 15 minutes (1.37) it decreased again to a similar figure which was at 5 minutes. By looking at this result the results are not as accurate as they should have been, meaning they may have been some kind of inaccuracy when following the method as without glu cose, ATP can not be made and the amplitude of the waves should have been lower. ATP can be made from glucose which is stored in the carbohydrate glycogen. Through the metabolic process of glycogenolysis, glycogen is broken down to release glucose. ATP is then generated from glucose by cellular respiration. Also ATP can be produced from glucose and fatty acids obtained from the bloodstream. When energy requirements are high, glucose from glycogen stored in the liver and fatty acids from fat stored in adipose cells and the liver are released into the bloodstream. Glucose and fatty acids are then absorbed from the bloodstream by muscle cells. ATP is then generated from these energy-rich molecules by cellular respiration. Without glucose the frequecny should hve increased but the amplitudes levels should have decreased as there was not a sufficient energy source which could supply the muscle so it could contract and relax. The next part of the experiment consisted of placing the smooth muscle into a cooled solution of 4 Celsius from a change of 37 Celsius. There was not much change to the frequency but it did drop a little bit due to the muscle not being used to these environmental conditions. The amplitude differed from the control readings as they had decreased but were still quite high as they had the nutrients in the solutions which helped them to contract. If this experiment was left to carry on then there would be further change as the solution would gradually heat up to room temperature and this would mean that the smooth muscle activity would increase. Calcium plays a big part in all muscle contraction as well as smooth muscle contraction which is different as it does not contain troponin. In smooth muscles calcium ions enter from outside the cell. They then bind to an enzyme complex on myosin; this then breaks up ATP into ADP and then transfers the Pi directly into myosin. By doing this it allows the myosin to activate and from cross ridges with actin. When the calcium is pumped out of the cell, the Pi gets removed from myosin by an enzyme this allows the myosin to become inactive and the smooth muscle is able to relax. This process is also known as myosin regulated contraction. In the experiment where calcium free solution was added it affected the smooth muscle immensely as the frequency of contracting and relaxing dropped to 12. Also the amplitude levels came down as the contractions and relaxations levels were not strong the max being 0.95 and the minimum being 0.47 if this was left for a longer period of time the frequency levels may have dropped more. Without calcium entering the cell the smooth muscle is unable to do the process which is described above. While making the Ringer-Locke solution it is not only the calcium ions which are important to the smooth muscles. Some others are potassium chloride and sodium chloride, the reason these ions are needed because it helps to portray an environment such as the body with ideal conditions. If only distilled water was used it would mean the cells in the muscles would up take the water and blow up. So these ions are used so they are able to keep a concentration gradient and allow everything to work correctly as it would in the smooth muscles natural environment. The final environment was the change in pH levels. The results showed that the muscle had stopped functioning and there was no reading on the traces. This meant that there was no muscle contraction or relaxing. The reason for this was the muscle had broken down the reason for this muscle fatigue was that the low pH had affected the smooth muscle as it was unable to perform in this type of environment. Also as the low pH solution was there for a certain period of time the muscle was unable to remove it and therefore caused the muscle to breakdown. The low pH may have affected the sarcoplasmic reticulum which may lead to the interfere of the intercellular calcium concentrations, this can lead to long term physical muscle damage as muscle fibers are affected. While preparing the isolated smooth muscle many precautions are taken so the muscle can avoid excessive pH changes. One of these precautions which are taken is to make sure that before inserting the small intestine into the bath. The solution will need to be tested with pH indicator test strips which will give a fairly accurate reading of the solution which the smooth muscle will be placed. This is very important as if the pH is incorrect it will mean that the smooth muscle will not perform to its full potential meaning the results achieved will be inaccurate. To gain accurate results all solutions which are used will need to be checked to see if they are the correct pH by using the ph indicating strips. After this test the smooth muscle was unable to reach the control again as the muscle had broken down. If this experiment was done again at room temperature the results would differ as the performance of t he muscle would decrease. This is because the optimum temperature inside the body is around 37 Celsius and this temperature allows the muscle to work at an optimum rate. The lower temperature will mean that muscle contraction will be slower as there will be an effect on enzyme reactions as the more heat there is the more kinetic energy there is this will mean that the muscle activity will be good. If acetylcholine was added to the solution bath of the smooth muscle the membrane potential would decrease and the frequency of waves would increase. The muscle will become more active, with an increase in tonic tension and the number of rhythmic contractions. The effect is mediated by enzymes which increases the intracellular Calcium concentration. Another substance which could have been added was adrenaline. Adrenaline allows blood to flow more easily to your muscles. This means that more oxygen is carried to your muscles by the extra blood, which allows your muscles to function at el evated levels. Adrenaline also facilitates the conversion of the bodys fuel source (glycogen) into its fuel (glucose). This carbohydrate gives energy to muscles, and a sudden burst of glucose also allows muscles to strengthen further. Skeletal and smooth muscle muscles differences in structure and function There are many differences between the two types of muscles the differences are stated below: Snmooth muscles Skeletal muscle A smooth muscle fiber has no T tubules, and the sarcoplasmic reticulum forms a loose network throughout the sarcoplasm. Are long cyrindrical cells that contain many nuclei Smooth muscle tissue has no myofibrils or sarcomeres They are striated this shows their precise alignments of their myofilaments. This tissue also has no striations and is called nonstriated muscle. Thick filaments consist of myosin as thin filaments consist mostly of actin. Thick filaments are scattered throughout the sarcoplasm of a smooth muscle cell Each independent cell is stimulated by a motor neurone. Adjacent smooth muscle cells are bound together at dense bodies, transmitting the contractile forces from cell to cell throughout the tissue. Connective endomysium seprates cell Function Differences Smooth muscles cells are an involuntary action and can work slower so they do not have muscle fatigue. Skeletal Muscle contains both Fast Slow Twitch muscle fibers, that allow for a faster reaction where needed, and the opposite is true for the Slow as well Smooth muscle lines your arteries and airways and serves to contract or relax to help control blood pressure. skeletal muscles function almost continuously to maintain your posture making one tiny adjustment after another to keep your body upright They are also present in the iris of the eye to control the size of the pupil in response to light. By the use of the radial and circular muscle. Skeletal muscle is also important for holding your bones in the correct position and prevents your joints from dislocating. Some skeletal muscles in your face are directly attached to your skin They line the GI tract to move foodthrough the intestines. This is done by peristalsis. Skeletal muscle generates heat as a by-pr oduct of muscle activity. This heat is vital for maintaining your normal body temperature.

Is A College Education Worth It - 1533 Words

Is a college education worth it? While it is important to get a college education, there are many people who cannot afford to go to college. Going to college leaves adults in millions of dollars in debt for many years. This results in adults working most their life to just pay off their education. However, starting work right out of high school instead of going to a 4-year college has been more appealing to some people. Going to a trade school is less expensive and less time consuming. However, not all non-college jobs can support a family. To help ensure these skilled workers can make it, the work force needs to guarantee that non-college jobs pay well and offer good benefits. This requires strong labor standards, a tangible ability to†¦show more content†¦Today, blue-collar and white-collar families alike watch their kids struggle to find gainful employment. (Buffenbarger) Not only is finding a job hard, but many people are not prepared. Many students graduate from college with little understanding of math, reading, civics, or economics. To prepare students in college, the professors should incorporate into their courses high-impact educational practices, which connect academic lessons to real-world problems and foster creativity, collaboration, and critical thinking employers most value. (Glazer) In contrast, trade schools do this style of teaching. Once enrolled in a trade school, you will immediately start with classes that are based solely on the training needed to help you succeed in your future career. Most of the training is hands-on and takes place in a setting similar to the workplace. There are little-to-no general education course requirements. Learning a trade profession is a better option than college for many young adults. Today’s society is in need of trade professions to function. There has been a high number of young adults choosing college over learning trade. This has created a ‘skills gap’ in the US causing a s hortage of ‘middle-skilled’ trade workers like machinists, electricians, plumbers, and construction workers. (ProCon.org) To work in some trade professions, one must go to a tradeShow MoreRelatedIs A College Education Worth It?1018 Words   |  5 PagesIn today’s society, the idea of receiving a college education has been pondered quite a bit as to whether or not it is actually worth it. According to Michelle Adam, many people â€Å"†¦today believe that getting a good education is key to success in our society, this revealed surprising issues that challenge the notion of higher education being worth its price tag† (59). Naturally, many high school graduates apply for college right before or after graduation. Others decide to go into the work force, armedRead MoreIs College Worth A Education?1140 Words   |  5 PagesIs college worth attending? Many graduating students are leaving college today with enormous amounts of student’s loans debt. So metimes they do not obtain the college degree that they were going to school for. Today many induvial believe that getting a good education is the key to success in our society. There are issues that challenge the notion of higher education being worth its price. While in college, many students suffer stress from all the school work and responsibilities that is requiredRead MoreIs College Education Worth It?1366 Words   |  6 PagesIs College Education Worth It? Have you ever wondered how much some of our nation’s top college presidents are paid? If not, then the CNN documentary Ivory Tower is a good starting point. The continual increase of college tuition and student loans has made headlines in the news recently, mostly because of the alarming amount of student debt in the United States. According to the College Board, in 2010, students graduated from college owing an average of $25,250 in student loans; the highest amountRead MoreIs A College Education Worth It?1443 Words   |  6 PagesMarch 2016 Is a College Education Worth It? Is the American dream just a dream?The worth of a college education is arguably one of the most controversial topics in the country. Over the years, the American education system seems to emphasize and underline the importance of college education. The reality of the situation is that a college education can be appreciated through looking at the statistical numbers of people that have enrolled in to college education. A college education is valued becauseRead MoreIs College Education Worth It?1460 Words   |  6 PagesIs College Education Worth It? Have you ever wondered how much some of our nation’s top college presidents earn as compensations? If not, then the CNN documentary Ivory Tower is a good starting point. The continual increase of college tuition and student loans has made headlines in the news recently, mostly because of the alarming amount of student debt in the United States. According to the College Board, in 2010, students graduated from college owing an average of $25,250 in student loans; theRead MoreIs College Education Worth It?1924 Words   |  8 PagesIs a College Education Worth It? Garrett Lazorchak Introduction The debate about whether a college education is worth it may have begun when the pilgrims first came over from Europe and founded â€Å"New College†, which was later changed to Harvard University in 1636. With over 19.9 million college students enrolled today and a combined student debt for the country of over 1.2 trillion dollars the debate continues today. People who argue that college is not worth it, point to the crippling debt thatRead MoreIs College Education Worth It1819 Words   |  8 PagesIs College Education Worth It? Hailey Mulligan October 24, 2012 Organization Communication MG320 Is College Education Worth It? Getting a â€Å"good† job is not straightforward as it used to be. In past generations, someone in an entry-level position could work their way up the ladder simply through hard work and determination; whether or not one had credentials or a diploma mattered very little. This is not the case today. Higher education is now critical to obtaining a better job because the demandRead MoreCollege Education Is Worth The Cost Of College926 Words   |  4 Pagesidea that they will go to college. However, few individuals take the time to think about the essence of a college education. For some people college education is worth it whiles for others it may not be worth the cost. General assumption of not making it to college and still making it in life has now become a wise saying for desperate people who have decided to chase money but not a career. A recent study emphasized that one can eventually make it without going to college but how many people do makeRead MoreIs A College Educati on Worth The Cost?1283 Words   |  6 PagesIs a College Education Worth the Cost? Have you ever just stopped to think about what it must be like to be â€Å"qualified† for a job yet be unemployed and homeless? Starving on the streets because you paid everything you had to an institution that was supposed to guarantee a better life, a more stable and successful career. Obviously this is an extreme case, not everyone who pays for college ends up living on the streets and broke, but almost every college graduate is in debt. For as long as collegeRead MorePursuing A College Education : Is It Worth It?1492 Words   |  6 PagesJohn McKeown AP Language, Period G Ms. Hasebroock December 4, 2014 Pursuing a College Education: Is It Worth It? Due to some recent events in my life, I have been strongly contemplating on whether or not college is the right choice for me. My father went to college at St. Norbert College in DePere, Wisconsin and shortly after he received a job as a clerk at the Chicago Mercantile Exchange. He slowly worked his way up to a trading position in the pit, which can be potentially very rewarding. When

Animal Experimentation - 1612 Words

â€Å"The British did not only accept animal experimentation but they also increased the use of genetically modified mice in carrying out such tests. On July 27th official statistics showed that, for the first time, the use of genetically-modified animals has outstripped that of conventional creatures and hardly anyone flinched knowing that† (Britain: Tweaking the Experiments; Animal Testing). Imagine the world without the essential vaccines that are used to promote healthy humans, but that is the world without animal experimentations. The lack of animal experimentations is the lack of vaccines which would cause many illnesses that would also lead to losing countless numbers of lives. In addition, society has been more dependable upon†¦show more content†¦The Economist said â€Å" the ability to breed genetically-modified mice that can be used to study the genetic basis of diseases including caner, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s has boosted the total numb er of experiments almost every year† (Britain: Tweaking the Experiments; Animal Testing). This shows that with the number of experiments increasing the society should have more information on how to solve the quest in curing these diseases or solution on illnesses. Also having experiments results could help resolve other illnesses or diseases when the society comes across to a new disease or illness. Maybe scientists and researcher would not need to more experiments on animals because they could go back to the results that they already have in hands. Scientists and researcher should always have these in records. In the Times in London, Devlin said â€Å"Testing on animals has been involved in almost every medical treatment that is available today – antibiotics, insulin, cancer drugs, heart surgery and organ transplantation† (Devlin). Most medical treatments would not exist today if society did not exercise the use of animal testing. Animal testing has brought soc iety this far within the medical industry. If society did not use animals for testing, society would not be anywhere close in the medical industry as society is as of now. Thinking back now, what would happen if the society never used animals for research or as test subjects, how many people would beShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation Essay812 Words   |  4 Pagespeople have been using animal experimentation to create new ways to help save the human race. There are people who believe that it does help, and that it is necessary to continue, while others oppose and want to fight for the elimination of animal experimentation. Scientists fight for the cures needed to help man kind, but struggle to do so as people fight against their work in progress. But as Jennifer A. Hurley stated, â€Å"History has already shown that animal experimentation is not essential to medicalRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Animal Testing1261 Words   |  6 Pagesand against animal experimentation. The report begins with an introduction briefly outlining what animal experimentation refers to, introducing the three perspectives and highlighting the intention behind this investigation. The report then explores the positive and negative medical aspect of animal experimentation stating that it has resulted in vital vaccines benefitting both humans and animals, but also accepting it is not always reliable. The advantages and disadvantages of animal testing onRead MoreAnimal Rights: Animal Experimentation 837 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal experimentation is the use of non-human animals in experiments. Animal experimentation also known as animal testing had established way back into the second century A.D. A Roman physician, named Galen started to perform endless animal experiments. (Safer Medicines.) On the other hand, the first major animal experiments occurred in the nineteenth century. Luis Pasteur administered anthrax to sheep. Anthrax is a bacterial disease that affects the skin and lungs in sheep and cattle, so PasteurRead MoreAnimal Experimentation And Animal Experiments1619 Words   |  7 PagesYou can’t even decide when the lights go on and off. (Cruel ty to Animals in Laboratories.)† This is the horrifying reality that animals used in animal experiments have to face. Animal experimentation is the use of animals in scientific research. Animals help scientists learn more about diseases that occur in humans and animals. Scientists also use animals to test new treatments, medicines, surgical techniques, and more. Different animals can be used for these experiments and the experiments can sometimesRead MoreAnimals for Research and Experimentation678 Words   |  3 Pages100 million animals are used for research and experimentation on around the world every year. Apart from all the benefits of animal testing there are many good reasons which support banning the experimentations on animals such as: animal cruelty, selfishness, and danger of using the experiments result. Therefore animal experimentation should be banned. These days, animal testing has brought a lot of issues in the society. The first and foremost argument that is presented against animal testing dealsRead MoreDiscussion Of Animal Experimentation On Animals1878 Words   |  8 PagesWorld Studies/ Honors November 19, 2014 Discussion of Animal Experimentation Research Animal experimentation has been the basis of human knowledge for the advancement of medical and biological breakthroughs as early as 200 C.E.. It has been estimated that more than 100 million animals are killed in U.S. laboratories alone for scientists’ tests. Organizations and laws have been formed to prevent harmful experiments from taking the lives of animals, however, scientists argue that there would be a crushingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation : Animal Cruelty2406 Words   |  10 Pages Research Essay: Animal Experimentation An innocent baby animal is ripped from its mothers arms and dragged by its neck after being locked up in a cold, lonely cellar on its way to the experimentation room where scientists will stick a variety of needles filled with possibly deadly medicine into its delicate skin. In a laboratory a ways down the street is another baby animal being tranquilized with a numbing gun in order for the animals to be tested with no pain gently lifted from its cageRead More Animal Experimentation Essay1792 Words   |  8 Pages Animal Experimentation Introduction Animal experimentation has been a part of biomedical and behavioral research for several millennia; experiments with animals were conducted in Greece over 2,000 years ago. Many advances in medicine and in the understanding of how organisms function have been the direct result of animal experimentation. Concern over the welfare of laboratory animals is also not new, as reflected in the activities of various animal welfare and antivivisectionist groups datingRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Essay1044 Words   |  5 PagesAnimals suffer just as people do. In 2009 animal experimentation was the cause of over 1.13 million animals, excluding small rodents, suffering in U.S. Laboratories (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service). Animal experimentation is unethical, unnecessary and expensive; alternative methods of testing should be utilized. It is unethical to use the cruel methods of animal experimentation for our own benefit alone. The animals used in research range from birdsRead MoreAnimal Cruelty And Animal Experimentation1610 Words   |  7 Pagestesting on animals. According to Professor Nuno Henrique Franco from the Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology of the University of Porto in Rua do Campo Alegre, humans have based their medical research, and later chemical testing, on animal experimentation. The first experiments that were performed can be considered crude and a few were perhaps excessively damaging to their subjects, and a handful of later testing was for cosmetic purposes. Consequently, the lives of countless animals have been

Malcolm X And Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Example For Students

Malcolm X And Martin Luther King Jr. Essay Two race men both working for the dream of equality for their people. While Martin Luther King Jr. main goal was for non-violence, and an end to all racial segregation, Malcolm believed in by whatever means necessary to accomplish a separate nation. The different tactics that they implied to make these dreams a reality come from the upbringings that they had as children. Malcolm was originally born in Omaha. His family picked up and moved later to Lansing, Michigan were Malcolms father was murdered by members of the Ku Klux Klan after number of death threats were made to the family. From his fathers death and the poverty that the family was facing g the mother of eight suffered a nervous breakdown, and the welfare department took her eight children away from her. After the separation Malcolm was sent first to a foster home and later to a reform school. Malcolm moved to Boston after his eighth grade year in school. In Boston he became involved with criminal activity while working various jobs for cash. In the mid 1940s Malcolm was sentenced to jail for theft. During his stay as a prisoner, Malcolm became infatuated with the believes and teachings of Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm spent most of his time while in jail learning about Black Muslims who advocated racial separation. Malcolm was released from incarceration in 1952. He became involved with a Black Muslim temple in Detroit, where in a few years he was recognized as their most prominent spokesperson for the nation of Islam. During the time that he spent working in Detroit is when Malcolm took up the name, Malcolm X. During his stay as a prisoner, Malcolm became infatuated with the believes and teachings of Elijah Muhammad. Malcolm spent most of his time while in jail learning about Black Muslims who advocated racial separation. Malcolm was released from incarceration in 1952. He became involved with a Black Muslim temple in Detroit, where in a few years he was recognized as their most prominent spokesperson for the nation of Islam. During the time that he spent working in Detroit is when Malcolm took up the name, Malcolm X. On the other side of the spectrum, there was a sheltered kid by the name Martin Luther King Jr. King was born in Atlanta, Georgia. He was the oldest son of Martin Luther King Sr., a Baptist preacher, and Alberta Williams King. As a child King attended segregated schools where he quickly himself as being intellectually elite from the rest of his peers. King went on to skip two grade levels before entering Morehouse University at the age of 15. He graduated from Morehouse with a bachelors degree in sociology; he was also the class Victorian. He furthered his education after Morehouse at colleges like Crozer, and Boston. While in college, Martin studied the non-violent Indian leader Mohandas Gandhi. King was brought up in a perfect atmosphere where love and dreams could be conjured. He was raised in a comfortable middle class household where strong values matured his belief of self-value. On the other hand Malcolm was raised in hellish conditions. Conditions that would leave anyone with anger and revenge brewing on his or her mind. King had a much more positive attitude then Malcolm, believing that through peaceful demonstrations and arguments, blacks someday will be able to have full equality with whites. Malcolms negative attitude on live was reflected in his angry, pessimistic belief that equality was impossible because whites have no moral conscience. Malcolm promoted nationalist and separatist worlds for blacks and whites. He strongly felt that only through revolution sand force could blacks grasp their place in society. King believed in an integrationist philosophy, were as he believed that blacks and whites should be united together in peace. Even though their messages were different, they were both delivered the same way, through hard-noised speeches. These speeches were delivered in different styles as well as different purposes. King was a peaceful leader who urged non-violence for his followers. He traveled giving peaceful speeches encouraging black and white listeners alike to work together in racial harmony. Malcolm for the most part believed that non-violence and integration was a trick by the whites to keep blacks in their place. He was furious with white racism and told his followers to rise up and fight against their white enemies. Journalism EssayAs the leaders lives begin to come to a closing, King and Malcolms beliefs became more and more alike. Malcolm emphasized unity and change through black pride and respect for oneself, rather then through revenge and hate. While on the other hand, King became angry at the lack of progress that he had made on equality. He began encouraging .

Engineering Behaviour Of Natural Reinforced -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Engineering Behaviour Of Natural Reinforced? Answer: Introducation Clay soil is characterized by high compressibility and low permeability because of its high capacity of holding water. The absorption of water leads to the behaviour of soil plasticity which does not disintegrate easily and can be deformed or moulded. Since the water holding capacity of the soil is high, it gives the soil another feature of low permeability which leads to swelling and hence expansion of soil marketing resulting in the soil being weaker. These features of clay soil make not recommended for holding or supporting huge loads of any structure above the soil surface and also difficult to be used in engineering and construction industries. For the minimization of these negative characteristics of the clay soil, the soil should be reinforced with numerous materials by the use of techniques of ground improvement. This research paper aims at investigating the engineering behaviour of reinforced clay soil with crushed coir through carrying out consolidation test and compaction test. The coir that is crushed is composed of 100% natural fibre which was gotten from coconut husks. The reason why the coir of the coconut husks was used was that it is economically viable, easy to handle and also very light. The clay soil that was used in this experiment was gotten from RIPAS Bridge site with the liquid limit of 38.4%, plasticity limit of 22.5%, and plasticity index of 15.9%(Ahmad, 2010). The clay soil went through processes like crushing and drying followed by Atterberg limit test and sieving to determine its primary characteristics. The clay soil reinforced and non-reinforced soil with inclusion percentages of 2.0%, 1.5%, and 1.0% of coir that is crushed went through compaction test to determine the impact on the moisture content and dry density. In the test for consolidation, the clay soil samples were reinforced with numerous inclusion percentages of 2.0%, 1.5%, 1.0%, 0.5%, and 0% of the crushed coir. This is dome to evaluate the effects on consolidation behaviour as a result of the inclusion of crushed coir(Arora, 2011). Performance of Clay Soil Reinforced with Coir Fibre Majority of the soils have enough shear strength and good compressive strength. However, they have power tensile strength. This problem can be solved through carrying out techniques of soil improvements which are aimed at soil reinforcement and soil stabilization. The tests which can be carried out to determine the impacts of adding coir to the clay soil can be done through model footing tests and Proctor compaction tests. The Standard Proctor compaction tests were performed to evaluate the impacts of clay soil reinforced with coir fibre on the moisture content and the dry density of the soil(Babu, 2014). The clay soil reinforced and non-reinforced soil with inclusion percentages of 2.0%, 1.5%, and 1.0% of coir that is crushed went through compaction test to determine the impact on the moisture content and dry density. The Standard proctors compaction test by the use of light compaction was done in relation to the relevant IS standard so as to find out the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the unreinforced and reinforced clay soil using coir fibre(Babu, 2011). The results of the dry density versus moisture content gotten from the experiment can be graphically represented as shown in the figure below: Dry density vs Moisture content curves for the reinforced and non-reinforced coir fibre(Dixit, 2012) From the results, the optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the unreinforced clay soil is 20% and 1.85 kg/m3 respectively. The maximum dry density do not depend on the amount or percentage of fibre in the soil. The dry weight is higher due to absence of fibre which reduces the dry weight. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the coir reinforced clay soil with 2.0% coir fibre is 18.5% and 1.84 kg/m3 respectively. 2.0% fibre will make this soil to have a higher moisture content and lower dry weight. The dry density will be lower than that of unreinforced soil while the moisture content will be higher than that of unreinforced soil. The decrease in density of the reinforced fibres is as a result of fibre filaments which have less specific weight when compared to soil grains and fibres prevent particles of soil from approaching to each other. The increase in moisture content is due the results of the fibres having a greater water absorption capacity tha n the surrounding soil(Kalkan, 2013). The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the coir reinforced clay soil with 1.5% coir fibre is 18% and 1.72 kg/m3 respectively. When 0.5% fibre is used, the dry density will be lower and the moisture content will be lower than that of 2.0% fibre inclusion. The fibre filaments which have less specific weight will be less in the 1.5% inclusion making the density to be slightly higher and the absorption capacity of the less fibre content will also be lower. The optimum moisture content and maximum dry density for the coir reinforced clay soil with 1.0% coir fibre is 19% and 1.64 kg/m3 respectively. The overall results show that the maximum dry density reduces and the optimum moisture content increases with an increase in the fibre content(Dutta, 2015). In this case, the amount of fibre is greatly reduced in the soil making the specific weight to be higher since there is less fibre and also the absorption capacity of the soil as a result of the fibre content will also be lower(Jiang, 2014). Strength Behaviour of Clay soil Reinforced with Coir Fibres Investigations on the effects of the coir fibre reinforced and unreinforced clay soil on the shear strength behaviour of the clay soil have been done by researchers. This is because the disposal of the clay soil has threatened the sustainability of the environment and has also led to environmental problems. In the experiment performed by Vishwas N. Khatri to determine the strength behaviour of clay soil reinforced with coir fibre, the specimens for unreinforced clay soil were prepared at 12% optimum moisture content and dry unit weight 18.6kN/m3(Estabragh, 2011). The table below shows the optimum moisture and dry unit weight of reinforced and unreinforced clay soil samples: Optimum moisture content and dry weight of reinforced and unreinforced clay(Estabragh, 2011) For the prediction of the response of the stress-strain of the clay soil, a two-parameter dependent hyperbolic model should be used. This model can be defined as: Where is the training failure and a and b are the material constants. The inverse of a and b gives the ultimate strength and initial elastic modulus respectively(Jiang, 2014). The predicted curves of stress-strain along with the results of the respective experiment for given values selected for the fibre content and confining pressure as shown in the figure below: Respective experimental values of fibre content and confining pressure The results of the compaction test show that the optimum content of moisture of the reinforced clay with treated and untreated coir increases in the increase in the coir fibre content. This is true theoretically since the treated CCL4 coir fibre inclusion to the clay soil will lead to cohesion improvement and greater friction. The major shortcoming of the reported work in the literature is that it may be true that the optimum content of moisture of the reinforced clay with treated and untreated coir increases in the increase in the coir fibre content, however, there is a limit through which an increase in coir fibre will increase optimum moisture content(Jiang, 2014). It can be noted that these are consistencies from the literature on changes in the material behaviour and properties through coir inclusion and the slight variations are as a result of different types of clay soil used in the research. The findings from the literature may affect the methodology that will be used during the experiment such as sample preparation. This is because the samples will have to be prepared in accordance with the literature for the consistencies to be achieved. The clay soil samples should be reinforced with 1.6%, 0.8%, and 0.4% coir fibre contents to determine the shear strength behaviour of the clay soil(Kalkan, 2013). In the experiment performed by Shivanand Mali to determine the strength behaviour of cohesive soils reinforced with fibres, the stiffness and strength of the soil was investigated with response to coir fibre reinforcement. The results of the stress versus strain response for different content of fibre is as shown in the figure below: Stress against strain curves for coir fibre reinforced soil The curves in the figure above shows that the deviator stress at failure increases with the content of fore and takes place at approximately 10% to 18% of strain. The optimum content of fibre matching to optimum strength improvement is found to be 2.0% to 2.5%. Optimum improvement is acquired with 15 mm fibre length. The comparison between the experiments performed to evaluate the strength behaviour of cohesive soils reinforced with fibres by Vishwas N. Khatri and Shivanand Mali shows that the experiment performed by Vishwas N. Khatri improves the soil better since it pts into considerations the different confining pressures ranging from 78kPa to 310kPa(Dutta, 2015). Effects of Coir Fibre Reinforcement on CBR Value and Strength of Clay Soil Many soil tracks around RIPAS Bride site can be characterized as being expansive and also have undergone volumetric variations leading to variations in the soil's moisture content. There is need to take some necessary actions on the soil on this site or else there can be some serious structural damages if no action is taken. Research carried out to determine the effects of coir fibre reinforcement on CBR value and strength of natural clay obtained from RIPAS Bridge site (Kalkan, 2013). In the experiment performed by Neelu Nandan Vibhakar, the length of coir fibre used for this experiment is of diameter 0.1mm and length 5mm. When CBR test was done on the resistance to penetration of the reinforced clay soil, there was no increase after 2% coir inclusion. The rise in the resistance to penetration of the clay soil is as a result of the improvement in the particles interlocking amongst the elements of the coir fibre and the bond between soil particles and coir fibres(Ranjan, 2011). The observations for the index properties of the clay soil is as shown in the figure below: From the tests carried out in during the research on the effects of coir fibre reinforcement on CBR Value and strength of clay soil, the results of the tests include: Toughness index = 2.88: The toughness index of 2.88 shows that the soil sample used in this experiment is clay in nature. Consistency index = 0.75: This value of consistency index that has been determining to be between 1 and 0 shows that the consistency of the clay soil used in this experiment is soft. Liquidity index = 0.25: This value of the liquid index that has been calculated to be 0.25 shows that the clay soil used is intermediate between liquid and stiff state condition(Ranjan, 2013). Plasticity index = 0.49: This value of plasticity index that has been calculated to be 0.49 shows that the soil is highly plastic. Plastic limit = 23% Liquid limit = 72% Water content = 35% Specific gravity of the clay soil = 2.60 Differential free swell index = 65%: The value of free swell that has been calculating to be 65% shows that the samples of clay soil used in this experiment have a higher degree of expansion(Sayida, 2014). From the curve of strain versus stress below, the optimum stress provides the unconfined compressive strength (qu). Figure 3: Stress against strain curve In case of = 0 situations, the cohesion or shear strength of the clay soil may be assumed to be equivalent to half the strength of unconfined compression. C = (qu)/2 = 161.4 kPa/2 = 80.7 kPa Optimum moisture content = 14% Maximum dry density = 1.710 g/cc The major shortcoming of the reported work in the literature is that it failed to indicate why the CBR value of the clay soil only increases with the addition of coir fibre up to 2% of the soil's weight. This is important since it will help a researcher to know the optimum fibre inclusion that should be used. The literature also failed to indicate why the optimum coir content is 2% and why there will no observable improvement in the value of CBR. There are consistent trends from the literature on the variations in the behaviour of the material and properties through the inclusion of fibre content in bothering the literature and on the experiment done. The findings from the literature are critical in determining the percentages of coir fibre inclusion that would be used when carrying out the experiment(Estabragh, 2011). In the experiment performed by Wajid Ali Butt on the determination of strength behaviour of clay soil reinforce by human hair as a natural fibre, randomly distributed samples of clay soil were tested for its engineering properties by performing tri-axial and CBR on numerous samples by the sue of diverse fibre percentages and comparing the outcome with clay soil that non-reinforced. Fibres of average diameter of 50?m and average length of 25mm were used in this experiment. The results of the experiment of the effect of human hair on CBR and undrained shear strength of the soil is as shown in the figure below: CBR against percentage human hair content The figure above shows that the optimum quantity of human hair fibre to enhance the maximum value of CBR at 205 mm penetration is 2.0%. The increase in the value of CBR as a result of addition of human hair fibre to the clay soil may be as a result of improved interfacial adhesive between the particles of soil and the fibre. However, the decrease in the value of CBR beyond the optimum content of fibre may be as a result of the increase in interaction between fibres to fibre. When the experiments on the effects of coir fibre reinforcement on CBR value and strength of clay soil performed by Wajid Ali Butt and Neelu Nandan Vibhakar are compared, it can be noted that experiment performed by Wajid Ali improved the soil better since the experiment considered the penetration of the fibre content into the soil making the results to be more effective. When considering ways of improving the clay soil by the use of fibre inclusion, it is advisable to consider the penetration of the fibre for every percentage of fibre content used in reinforcing the soil. Consolidation Characteristics of Clay Soil Reinforced with Coir Fibre The effects of coir fibre reinforced clay soil has been scrutinized by many researchers who have been involved directly in engineering and construction of structures on the clay soils top. Consolidation of clay soil that is saturated is done because of the expulsion of water under sustained, static load. The characteristics of consolidation of the clay soil are necessary for predicting the rate and magnitude of the management of the soil under consideration. The determination of the optimum moisture content was performed through Standard Proctor compaction test by randomly mixing the fibres with water all over the clay soil. In the experiment performed by A. R. Estabragh, numerous consolidation test was also done with variations in the fibre contents between 1% and 0% with an increase of percentage dry weight of 0.2%. Where p is the pressure applied and v is the specific volume (v=e+1). The region where the two linear segments meet is used in determining the preconsolidation pressure. Cc is the elastoplastic zone and Cs is the slope of the elastic zone and these values were determined as shown in the table below: Parameters of shear strength and consolidation for fibre reinforced and unreinforced clay soil(Sayida, 2014) The stress deviator increases up to 15% axial strain for the clay soil, however, the tests of the soil samples for the unreinforced soil proceeds up to 20% axial strain. These results show that at any provided confining pressure, increasing the quantity of fibre improves the strength of clay soil. It is also clear that the samples of reinforced and unreinforced clay minimizes pre-consolidation pressure and the Cs and Cc values normally increase with the increase in the coir fibre content. When the fibre is added to the clay soil, some particles of soil are substituted with fibres and they conquer the pores amongst the particles of soil which lead to increase in the ratio of the void of the mass of the clay soil. The coefficient of change in volume (mv) and coefficient of consolidation (Cv) in the range of pressure of 200 to 400 kPa can also be determined(Ahmad, 2010). In the experiment performed by Rabindra Kumar, the parameters of consolidation namely mv, Cv, and Cc for clay soil Reinforced with percentage coir fibre inclusion of 0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0 is as shown in the table below: From the tables above, it can be observed that the values of Cc decreases with the increase of inclusion of coir fibre in the natural clay up to 0.8% fibre content and then after that the Cc values start increasing. The minimum Cc value is observed at coir fibre content of 0.8% and 0.6%. This can be due to the volume occupied by the fibre being more resulting to more interaction of fibre to fibre and hence there will be dominance in fibre compression. When the experiment done by A. R. Estabragh and Rabindra Kumar are compared, it is noted that the consolidation test performed by Rabindra Kumar was better that the same test performed by A. R. Estabragh since the percentages of fibre inclusion used by Rabindra Kumar ranges between 0% to 0.1% making it faster to achieve the required degree of consolidation. The time required to attain the primary consolidation decreases for the reinforced clay soil for a given drainage path and a given degree of consolidation. The experiment performed by Rabindra Kumar is also more effective since he compared the reinforcement of the soil with two different types of fibres namely polypropylene and coir fibres. Conclusion This research paper aims at investigating the engineering behaviour of reinforced clay soil with crushed coir through carrying out consolidation test and compaction test. The coir that is crushed is composed of 100% natural fibre which was gotten from coconut husks. The clay soil that was used in this experiment was gotten from RIPAS Bridge site with the liquid limit of 38.4%, plasticity limit of 22.5%, and plasticity index of 15.9%. The characteristics of the clay soil that have been critically reviewed in this research paper include strength behaviour of the reinforced clay, shear strength behaviour of the reinforced clay soil, performance of the coir reinforced clay soil, and consolidation characteristics of the reinforced clay. References Ahmad, S., 2010. The effect of randomly oriented hair fibre on mechanical psychology of fly ash based hollow blocks for low height masonry structures. Perth: Asian J Civil Eng. Arora, R., 2011. Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering. Melbourne: Standard publisher distributors. Babu, G., 2014. Strength and stiffness response of coir fibre reinforced tropical soil. Colorado: Journal of Materials in Civil Engineering. Babu, S., 2011. Evaluation of strength and stiffness response of coir-fibre-reinforced soil. Moscow: Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers. Dixit, S., 2012. Effect of treated coir fibres on the compaction and CBR behaviour of clay. Paris: International Journal of Geotechnics and. Dutta, R., 2013. Strength characteristics of sand reinforced with coir fibres and coir geotextiles. New York: Electronic Journal of Geotechnical Engineering. Dutta, R., 2015. Effect of addition of treated coir fibres on the compression behaviour of clay. Melbourne: Jordan Journal of Civil Engineering. Estabragh, A., 2011. Mechanical behaviour of a clay soil reinforced with nylon fibres. civil-engineering: Geotech Geol Eng. Jiang, H., 2014. Engineering properties of soils reinforced by short discrete polypropylene fibre. Moscow: Journal of Materials In Civil Engineering. Kalkan, E., 2013. Modification of clayey soils using scrap tire rubber and synthetic fibres. Michigan: Applied Clay Science. Maliakal, T., 2010. Influence of randomly distributed coir fibres on the shear strength of clay. Toledo: Geotechnical and Geological Engineering. Ranjan, G., 2013. The behaviour of plastic fibre reinforced sand. London: Ultramicroscopy. Ranjan, L., 2011. Randomly Distributed Fibre reinforced soil. Sydney: Journal of the Institution of Engineers. Sayida, L., 2014. Determination of Ultimate bearing capacity/Safe bearing pressure/Settlement. New Delhi: Geotextiles and Geomembranes.